Air pollution poses a significant threat to climate change and the deterioration of air quality, particularly in metropolitan cities. The use of private vehicles in the transportation sector significantly contributes to poor air quality. However, old vehicle usage in the city has increased, hence the increase in harmful emissions. This study explores various factors contributing to the impact of old vehicles on air pollution in urban areas. This research also investigates the interaction and relationship of multiple factors, such as fuel consumption, driving patterns, mobility behavior, maintenance and repair and vehicle age with carbon emissions. This study uses a quantitative research approach using a questionnaire survey in Kuala Lumpur. The targeted respondents were vehicle users who use vehicles 10 years old and older. Simple random sampling was used in this study, and 384 questionnaires were disseminated to the targeted respondents. The data were analyzed through Descriptive Analyses and Pearson Correlation. Pearson Correlation was conducted to determine the relationships between fuel consumption, driving patterns, mobility behavior, maintenance and repair and vehicle age with carbon emissions. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between fuel consumption, driving patterns, mobility behavior, maintenance and repair and vehicle age with carbon emissions in urban areas
Zulkifli, A. M. (2022). Automotive observers tell why disposing of old cars will be hard | MalaysiaNow. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from
https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2022/08/25/automotive-observers-tell-why-disposing-of-old-cars-will-be-hard
Amatuni, L., Ottelin, J., Steubing, B., & Mogollón, J. M. (2020). Does car sharing reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Assessing the modal shift and lifetime shift rebound effects from a life cycle perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 121869. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.121869
Assamoi, E. M., & Liousse, C. (2010). A new inventory for two-wheel vehicle emissions in West Africa for 2002. Atmospheric Environment, 44(32), 3985–3996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2010.06.048
Barothi, L., Sava, D., Darie, C.-D., & Cucu, L.-I. (2018). Driving Style Influence on Vehicles Performances. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://jmiltechnol.mta.ro/1/Driving Style Influence on Vehicles Performances-min.pdf
Bikam, P. B. (2021). Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance. Green Economy in the Transport Sector: A Case Study of Limpopo Province, South Africa, 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_5/TABLES/5
Caserini, S., Pastorello, C., Gaifami, P., & Ntziachristos, L. (2013). Impact of the dropping activity with vehicle age on air pollutant emissions. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(3), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.031
Danilecki, K., Smurawski, P., & Urbanowicz, K. (2023). Optimization of Car Use Time for Different Maintenance and Repair Scenarios Based on Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(17), 9843. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP13179843/S1
Das, B., Bhave, P. V., Puppala, S. P., Adhikari, S., Sainju, S., Mool, E., & Byanju, R. M. (2022). Emission factors and emission inventory of diesel vehicles in Nepal. Science of The Total Environment, 812, 152539. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.152539
Eva, E. (2001). Independent driving pattern factors and their influence on fuel-use and exhaust emission factors. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 6(5), 325–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(01)00003-7
Fourn, L., & Fayomi, E. B. (2006). [Air pollution in urban area in Cotonou and Lokossa, Benin]. Bulletin de La Société de Pathologie Exotique.
Ghadimzadeh, A., Ahmad Makmom, A., Kato Hosea, M., Asgari, N., Shamsipour, R., & Sheikhy Narany, T. (2015). Review on CO 2 Emission from Transportation Sector in Malaysia. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, 9(5), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-09516170
Gligorijevic, R., Jevtic, J., & Borak, D. J. (2006). Engine oil contribution to diesel exhaust emissions. Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 23(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.10
Grimaldi, S. (2022). An innovative approach to maintenance for a bus fleet.
Harrington, W. (1997). Fuel Economy and Motor Vehicle Emissions. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 33(3), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1006/JEEM.1997.0994
Heede, R. (2014). Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854-2010. Climatic Change, 122(1–2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10584-013-0986-Y/TABLES/3
Knight, E. (2021). Is A 10-year-old Car Too Old? (5 Reasons Why) | Justdownsize. Retrieved December 30, 2022, from https://justdownsize.com/is-a-10-year-old-car-too-old/
Leroutier, M., & Quirion, P. (2022). Air pollution and CO2 from daily mobility: Who emits and Why? Evidence from Paris. Energy Economics, 109, 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENECO.2022.105941
Marino, C., Nucara, A., Panzera, M. F., & Pietrafesa, M. (2023). Greenhouse Gas Balance in the City of Reggio Calabria and Assessment of the Effects of Measures of Emission Reduction and Absorption. Energies, 16(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/EN16093615
Zahari, M. H., Azhar, N. H., Ismail, A., Baker, R., & Saudi, M. N. S. (2022). Exploring Commuting for Work in Kuala Lumpur. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 51(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPTR.18761
Mustapa, S. I., & Bekhet, H. A. (2016). Analysis of CO2 emissions reduction in the Malaysian transportation sector: An optimisation approach. Energy Policy, 89, 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2015.11.016
Namukasa, J., Namagembe, S., & Nakayima, F. (2020). Fuel Efficiency Vehicle Adoption and Carbon Emissions in a Country Context. International Journal of Global Sustainability, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/IJGS.V4I1.16227
Odunlami, O. A., Elehinafe, F. B., Oladimeji, T. E., Fajobi, M. A., Okedere, O. B., & Fakinle, B. S. (2018). Implications of Lack of Maintenance of motorcycles on Ambient Air Quality. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 413(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012055
Pan, Y. Q. (2022). The impact of consumer preference factors on people willingness towards vehicle leasing program.
Pandey, A., Mishra, R. K., & Pandey, G. (2022). Emission performance assessment of in-use diesel-driven cars. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1084(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012041
Peter Bitta, B. (2022). Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance. Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_5
Rodríguez, R. A., Virguez, E. A., Rodríguez, P. A., & Behrentz, E. (2016). Influence of driving patterns on vehicle emissions: A case study for Latin American cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 43, 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2015.12.008
Rongshuo, Z., Hongfei, C., Peiyuan, X., Lei, Z., Yangbing, W., Menglei, W., … Rencheng, Z. (2023). Exhaust Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles with Different Fuel Detergency and the Prediction Model Using Deep Learning. Sensors 2023, Vol. 23, Page 7655, 23(17), 7655. https://doi.org/10.3390/S23177655
Saboori, B., Sapri, M., & bin Baba, M. (2014). Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)’s transport sector: A fully modified bi-directional relationship approach. Energy, 66, 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2013.12.048
Sachdev, S. B., & Verma, H. (2004). RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF SERVICE QUALITY DIMENSIONS: A MULTISECTORAL STUDY.
Schwela, D. (2012). Review of Urban Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa Region: Air Quality Profile of SSA Countries. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26864
Sharma, R. D., Jain, S., & Singh, K. (2011). Growth rate of Motor Vehicles in India-Impact of Demographic and Economic Development. 1.
Snyder, M., Arunachalam, S., Isakov, V., Talgo, K., Naess, B., Valencia, A., … Hanna, A. (2014). Creating Locally-Resolved Mobile-Source Emissions Inputs for Air Quality Modeling in Support of an Exposure Study in Detroit, Michigan, USA. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014, Vol. 11, Pages 12739-12766, 11(12), 12739–12766. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH111212739
Su, Y., Wu, J., Ciais, P., Zheng, B., Wang, Y., Chen, X., … Lafortezza, R. (2022). Differential impacts of urbanization characteristics on city-level carbon emissions from passenger transport on road: Evidence from 360 cities in China. Building and Environment, 219, 109165. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2022.109165
Szumska, E. M., & Jurecki, R. (2020). The Effect of Aggressive Driving on Vehicle Parameters. Energies 2020, Vol. 13, Page 6675, 13(24), 6675. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN13246675
Theissler, A., Pérez-Velázquez, J., Kettelgerdes, M., & Elger, G. (2021). Predictive maintenance enabled by machine learning: Use cases and challenges in the automotive industry. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 215, 107864.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESS.2021.107864
Varanasi, S. (2003). Assessing the feasibility of supplying vehicle activity data to MOBILE6 using the Global Positioning System (GPS).
https://doi.org/10.31390/GRADSCHOOL_THESES.1876
Wadud, Z., Adeel, M., Anable, J., & Lucas, K. (2022). A disaggregate analysis of ‘excess’ car travel and its role in decarbonisation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 109, 103377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2022.103377
Wright, L. (2004). The limits of technology: Achieving transport efficiency in developing nations CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by UCL Discovery.
Yasin, M. Y., Zain, M. A. B. M., & Hassan, M. H. Bin. (2022). Urbanization and growth of Greater Kuala Lumpur: Issues and recommendations for urban growth management. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22(2), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEAMJ-02-2022-B1002
