In the globalized world, tourism industry is acknowledged as an opportunity to contribute to the overall development of a destination. Destination image is a major tool for a destination’s attractiveness and a main pull factor in the tourist decision-making process. Therefore, destination image has been extensively studied to examine its formation process and to explore the relationship with other tourism decision-related structures. Previous studies on destination image focus on measurement development and the relationship between destination image, satisfaction and behavioral intention. Empirical research related to destination image and memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) is scant. In addition, most studies regard destination image as an overall element, ignoring the relationship between the core components of the destination and MTEs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the tourists’ perceptions of the destination image (cognitive image, affective image, and conative image), and memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) using Stimuli-Organism-Response(S-O-R) model. To achieve the above objectives, this paper proposes a conceptual model reflects hypotheses about the inter-dependence of destination image and memorable tourism experiences. The proposed framework not only lays the groundwork for further empirical research, but also benefits tourism players in strategizing tourism experience marketing.
Agapito, D., Oom do Valle, P., & da Costa Mendes, J. (2013). The cognitive-affective-conative model of destination image: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(5), 471-481.
Akgün, A. E., Senturk, H. A., Keskin, H., & Onal, I. (2020). The relationships among nostalgic emotion, destination images and tourist behaviors: An empirical study of Istanbul. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.009
Bagozzi, R. P. (1992). The self-regulation of attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Social psychology quarterly, 178-204.
Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 11-15.
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897.
Basaran, U. (2016). Examining the relationships of cognitive, affective, and conative destination image: A research on Safranbolu, Turkey. International Business Research, 9(5), 164-179.
Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
Bui, V., Alaei, A. R., Vu, H. Q., Li, G., & Law, R. (2021). Revisiting tourism destination image: a holistic measurement framework using big data. Journal of Travel Research, 00472875211024749.
Campo-Martínez, S., Garau-Vadell, J. B., & Martínez-Ruiz, M. P. (2010). Factors influencing repeat visits to a destination: The influence of group composition. Tourism Management, 31(6), 862-870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.013
Castro, C. B., Martín Armario, E., & Martín Ruiz, D. (2007). The influence of market heterogeneity on the relationship between a destination's image and tourists’ future behaviour. Tourism Management, 28(1), 175-187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.013
Chandralal, L., Rindfleish, J., & Valenzuela, F. (2015). An application of travel blog narratives to explore memorable tourism experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 680-693.
Chen, C.-F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115-1122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
Chen, G., So, K. K. F., Hu, X., & Poomchaisuwan, M. (2022). Travel for affection: A stimulus-organism-response model of honeymoon tourism experiences. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(6), 1187-1219.
Chen, X., Cheng, Z.-f., & Kim, G.-B. (2020). Make It Memorable: Tourism Experience, Fun, Recommendation and Revisit Intentions of Chinese Outbound Tourists. Sustainability, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051904
Chi, C. G.-Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
Dagustani, D., Kartini, D., Oesman, Y. M., & Kaltum, U. (2017). Memorable tourism experience. Antecedents and destination image outcome in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism, 8(8 (24)), 1482-1493.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1991). The meaning and measurement of destination image. Journal of tourism studies, 2(2), 2-12.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13.
Ernawadi, Y., & Putra, H. T. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of memorable tourism experience. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 1(5), 676-684.
Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image Formation Process. JOURNAL OF TRAVEL & TOURISM MARKETING, 2(2-3), 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12
Gilson, L. L., & Goldberg, C. B. (2015). Editors’ comment: so, what is a conceptual paper? In (Vol. 40, pp. 127-130): SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Hosseini, S., Cortes Macias, R., & Almeida Garcia, F. (2021). Memorable tourism experience research: a systematic review of the literature. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1922206
Huete Alcocer, N., & López Ruiz, V. R. (2020). The role of destination image in tourist satisfaction: the case of a heritage site. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 33(1), 2444-2461.
Iordanova, E., & Stylidis, D. (2019). International and domestic tourists’“a priori” and “in situ” image differences and the impact of direct destination experience on destination image: the case of Linz, Austria. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(8), 982-1005.
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a conceptual framework: philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International journal of qualitative methods, 8(4), 49-62.
Jang, S. S., & Namkung, Y. (2009). Perceived quality, emotions, and behavioral intentions: Application of an extended Mehrabian–Russell model to restaurants. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 451-460.
Jani, D., & Han, H. (2015). Influence of environmental stimuli on hotel customer emotional loyalty response: Testing the moderating effect of the big five personality factors. International journal of hospitality management, 44, 48-57.
Jeong, Y., Kim, E., & Kim, S.-K. (2020). Understanding active sport tourist behaviors in small-scale sports events: Stimulus-organism-response approach. Sustainability, 12(19), 8192.
Johari, S. I., & Anuar, M. N. A. (2020). Appraising the role of memorable tourism experience between the relationship of destination image and Melaka domestic tourists’ revisit intention. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts (JTHCA), 12(1), 1-22.
Kim, H., & Richardson, S. L. (2003). Motion picture impacts on destination images. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 216-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00062-2
Kim, J.-H. (2014). The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences. Tourism Management, 44, 34-45.
Kim, J.-H. (2018). The impact of memorable tourism experiences on loyalty behaviors: The mediating effects of destination image and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 57(7), 856-870.
Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25.
Kim, J.-H., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2013). Cross-Cultural Validation of a Memorable Tourism Experience Scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research, 53(3), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496468
Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & Tung, V. W. S. (2010). The Effect of Memorable Experience on Behavioral Intentions in Tourism: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Tourism Analysis, 15(6), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210x12904412049776
Kim, M. J., Lee, C.-K., & Jung, T. (2020). Exploring consumer behavior in virtual reality tourism using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 69-89.
Kladou, S., Rigopoulou, I., Kavaratzis, M., & Salonika, E. (2021). A memorable tourism experience and its effect on country image. Anatolia, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1964552
Kutlu, D., & Ayy?ld?z, H. (2021). The Role of the Destination Image in Creating Memorable Tourism Experience. Journal of Tourism and Services, 12(23), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v12i23.303
Lee, H.-J., & Yun, Z.-S. (2015). Consumers’ perceptions of organic food attributes and cognitive and affective attitudes as determinants of their purchase intentions toward organic food. Food quality and preference, 39, 259-267.
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F.-H. (2021). How does involvement affect attendees’ aboriginal tourism image? Evidence from aboriginal festivals in Taiwan. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(17), 2421-2444.
Lin, C.-H., Morais, D. B., Kerstetter, D. L., & Hou, J.-S. (2007). Examining the Role of Cognitive and Affective Image in Predicting Choice Across Natural, Developed, and Theme-Park Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 183-194.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507304049
Mahdzar, M., Shuib, A., Ramachandran, S., & Afandi, S. H. M. (2015). The role of destination attributes and memorable tourism experience in understanding tourist revisit intentions. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences (Tourism & Environment, Social and Management Sciences), 15, 32-39.
Mano, A., & da Costa, R. A. (2015). A conceptual model of the antecedents and consequences of tourist destination image. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 15-22.
Marques, C., Vinhas da Silva, R., & Antova, S. (2021). Image, satisfaction, destination and product post-visit behaviours: How do they relate in emerging destinations? Tourism Management, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104293
Melón, M. P. A., Fandos-Herrera, C., & Sarasa, R. G. (2021). Analysis of antecedents and consequences of memorable tourist experiences (MTEs): A Spanish case study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 27(3), 346-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720987879
Michael, N., James, R., & Michael, I. (2018). Australia’s cognitive, affective and conative destination image: an Emirati tourist perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(1), 36-59. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-06-2016-0056
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2012). Conceptualising technology enhanced destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.08.001
Papadimitriou, D., Kaplanidou, K., & Apostolopoulou, A. (2018). Destination image components and word-of-mouth intentions in urban tourism: A multigroup approach. JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM RESEARCH, 42(4), 503-527.
Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342.
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Del Chiappa, G. (2017). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 41-54.
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100621
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rather, R. A., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Investigating the mediating role of visitor satisfaction in the relationship between memorable tourism experiences and behavioral intentions in heritage tourism context. Tourism Review, 77(2), 687-709. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-02-2021-0086
San Martín, H., & Del Bosque, I. A. R. (2008). Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management, 29(2), 263-277.
Sharma, P., & Nayak, J. K. (2019). Understanding memorable tourism experiences as the determinants of tourists' behaviour. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(4), 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2278
Stavrianea, A., & Kamenidou, I. (2021). Memorable tourism experiences, destination image, satisfaction, and loyalty: an empirical study of Santorini Island. EuroMed Journal of Business, 17(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/emjb-10-2020-0106
Sthapit, E., & Coudounaris, D. N. (2018). Memorable tourism experiences: Antecedents and outcomes. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 18(1), 72-94.
Stylidis, D. (2022). Exploring resident–tourist interaction and its impact on tourists’ destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1), 186-201.
Stylidis, D., Belhassen, Y., & Shani, A. (2017). Destination image, on-site experience and behavioural intentions: path analytic validation of a marketing model on domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(15), 1653-1670.
Stylos, N., Vassiliadis, C. A., Bellou, V., & Andronikidis, A. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management, 53, 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006
Sun, X., Geng-Qing Chi, C., & Xu, H. (2013). Developing Destination Loyalty: The Case of Hainan Island. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 547-577.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.04.006
Tasci, A. D., Uslu, A., Stylidis, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2022). Place-oriented or people-oriented concepts for destination loyalty: Destination image and place attachment versus perceived distances and emotional solidarity. Journal of Travel Research, 61(2), 430-453.
Tsai, C.-T. S. (2016). Memorable Tourist Experiences and Place Attachment When Consuming Local Food. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 536-548. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2070
Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367-1386.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.009
Wong, J. W. C., & Lai, I. K. W. (2021). Gaming and non-gaming memorable tourism experiences: How do they influence young and mature tourists’ behavioural intentions? Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100642
Wong, J. W. C., Lai, I. K. W., & Tao, Z. (2019). Memorable ethnic minority tourism experiences in China: a case study of Guangxi Zhuang Zu. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 17(4), 508-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2019.1600866
Woodworth, R. (1928). Dynamic psychology Murchison C.(Ed.), Psychologies of 1925. In: Clark University Press, Worcester, MA, 111-126.
Woosnam, K. M., Stylidis, D., & Ivkov, M. (2020). Explaining conative destination image through cognitive and affective destination image and emotional solidarity with residents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 917-935.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1708920
Yu, C.-P., Chang, W.-C., & Ramanpong, J. (2019). Assessing Visitors’ Memorable Tourism Experiences (MTEs) in Forest Recreation Destination: A Case Study in Xitou Nature Education Area. Forests, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080636
Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40, 213-223.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006 Zhang, H. M., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.06.004
Zhong, Y. Y. S., Busser, J., & Baloglu, S. (2017). A Model of Memorable Tourism Experience: The Effects on Satisfaction, Affective Commitment, and Storytelling. Tourism Analysis, 22(2), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354217x14888192562366