Identifying specific symptoms or signs of anger is a challenge because there are various styles of anger expression. The identification of these symptoms or signs is essential in determining proper psychological and physical intervention. This article introduces the Adolescent Anger Instrument (AAI) developed to fulfill the need for early identification of symptoms or signs of anger in school settings. Specifically, AAI was designed to identify the tendency of specific anger expressions. The first phase of the research involved 5402 school students, aged between 13 to 19, followed by another 3357 in the second phase. Three types of anger expressions identified were (i) anger-out (physical and verbal aggression), (ii) anger-in (passive) and (iii) anger-control (extrinsic and intrinsic). The reliability is 0.79 during the first phase and 0.84 in the second phase of research. Depending on the type of anger expressed, an action plan and early intervention management can be performed towards individual students or groups of students. This could include school-wide preemptive and preventive measures to counter the impact of uncontrolled anger among students.
Adam, H., & Brett, J. M. (2015). Context matters: The social effects of anger in cooperative, balanced and competitive negotiation situations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 44-58.
Ahmed, A. G., Kingston, D. A., DiGiuseppe, R., Bradford, J. M., & Seto, M. C. (2012). Developing a clinical typology of dysfunctional anger. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 139-148.
Ammerman, B. A., Kleiman, E. M., Uyeji, L. L., Knorr, A. C., & McCloskey, M. S. (2015). Suicidal and violent behavior: The role of anger, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 57-62.
Ariyabuddhiphongs, V. (2014). Anger concepts and anger reduction method in Theravada Buddhism. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1, 56.
Bjørnebekk, G., & Howard, R. (2012). Subtypes of angry aggression in antisocial youth: Relationships with self-reported delinquency and teachers’ perceptions of social competence and emotional/behavioural problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 312-316.
Brunner, T. M., & Spielberger, C. D. (2009). State Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2, Child Adolescent Version. Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR).
Burney, D. M. (2001). Adolescent Anger Rating Scale. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R., Thwaites, G. A., Lynch, R. S., Baker, D. A., & Stark, R. S. (1996). State-trait anger theory and the utility of the Trait Anger Scale. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 43, 131-148.
Fives, C. J., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2011). Anger, aggression and irrational beliefs in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 199-208.
Frazier, S. N., & Vela, J. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of anger and aggressive behavior: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 156-163.
Guenther, K. D., Van Dyk, T.R ., Kidwell, K. M., & Nelson, T. D. (2015). The moderating role of dysfunctional parent-child relationships on the association between outward anger expression and physical health in youth from low-income families. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30(4). DOI:10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.09.007.
Han, A., Won, J., Kim, O. & Lee, S. E. (2015). Anger Expression Types and Interpersonal Problems in Nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 9, 146-151.
Kamarulzaman Kamaruddin. (2009). Psikologi perkembangan: Panduan untuk guru. Tanjung Malim, Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Kennedy-Moore, E., & Watson, J. C. (2001). Expressing Emotion: Myths, Realities, and Therapeutic Strategies. Guilford Press.
Kod Etika Kaunselor (Counsellor Code of Ethics). Malaysian Counselling Association. (2008). Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur.
Chin, L. S. (2016). Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Anger management Module on Anger Expressions among Adolescents. Unpublished PhD Tesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang.
Nick, H., Hrepsime, G., Mark D. M., Suzanne, Y., &Alan, H. (2005). The Anger Management Project: A group intervention for anger in people with physical and multiple disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30, 86-96.
Novaco, R. W. (2010). Anger and psychopathology. In International handbook of anger (pp. 465-497). Springer New York.
O’Neill, H. (2006). Managing anger (2nd ed.) Chichester, London: Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Park, Y. J., Lee, S. J., Shin, N. M., Shin, H., Kang, H. C., Jin, Y. T., Jeon, S. I., & Cho, I. (2015). Anger, anger expression, cardiovascular risk factors, and gastrointestinal symptoms by Hwa-Byung Symptoms in Korean adult women. Applied Nursing Research, 28, 398-403.
Robinson, L., & Segal, J. (2013). Help for parents of troubled teens. Helpguide.org. Retrieved from http://www.helpguide.org/ mental/troubled-teens.html.
Russell, M. A., Smith, T. W., & Smyth, J. M. (2016). Anger expression, momentary anger, and symptom severity in patients with chronic disease. Annals Of Behavioral Medicine, 50 (2), 259-271.
Sheriden, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercadante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacabs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (2001). The Self-efficacy scale: Construction and Validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671.
Spielberger, C. D. (2000). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2nd Edition (STAXI-2). Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR).
