International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

The Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Subjective Well-Being among Young Mothers with Mediating Role of Resilience in Zhuhai, China

Open access
Today, young mothers in China confront increasing difficulties as they deal with the demands and subjectivity of parenting at a later stage of their lives. Although previous research has confirmed links between parenting stress and subjective well-being, this study added to the body of knowledge by identifying the role of resilience as a mediator in that relationship. The main purpose of this research was to examine the correlation between parenting stress and subjective well-being among young mothers, while determining the mediation effect of resilience on the above correlation. The cross-sectional research design was utilized. The population in this study were young mothers who resided in Zhuhai, China. The convenience sampling method was used. In total 120 young mothers completed self-report questionnaires including Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Parenting Stress Scale, and Resilience Scale. Results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between parenting stress and subjective well-being, while resilience would significantly partially mediate the above correlation. This study offers scientific information regarding parenting stress and subjective well-being, as well as the significance of resilience. The findings can raise public and professional awareness of the risk factors associated with young mothers' subjective well-being, allowing for the development of appropriate initiatives to address them.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-Being. New York: Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2253-5
Arakkathara, J. G., & Bance, L. O. (2020). Resilience as a predictor of parental stress among selected mothers of children with intellectual disability in Kerala, India. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.25215/0801.009
Aziz, N., Ong, Z. Y., Tham, P. W., Rahman, M. N. B. A., & Motevalli, S. (2022). The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on The Psychosocial Development and Mental Health Wellbeing of Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(4), 243–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i4/13041
Baidun, A., Shaleh, A., Miftahuddin, M., Luzvinda, L., & Muhtar, D. (2020, March). Effect of psychological capital and gratitude on subjective well-being young mother of hijrah communities in Jakarta. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Religion and Mental Health, ICRMH 2019, 18-19 September 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. https://eudl.eu/pdf/10.4108/eai.18-9-2019.2293469
Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The parental stress scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of social and personal relationships, 12(3), 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407595123009
Blasco-Belled, A., Rogoza, R., Torrelles-Nadal, C., & Alsinet, C. (2022). Differentiating optimists from pessimists in the prediction of emotional intelligence, happiness, and life satisfaction: a latent profile analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(5), 2371-2387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00507-4
Braunstein, V. L., Peniston, N., Perelman, A., and Cassano, M. C. (2013). The inclusion of fathers in investigations of autistic spectrum disorders. Res. Autism Spectr. Disord. 7:7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.03.005
Burgdorf, V., Szabó, M., & Abbott, M. J. (2019). The effect of mindfulness interventions for parents on parenting stress and youth psychological outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1336.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01336
Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge. https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=ukFX5boNAhYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Structural+equation+modeling+with+AMOS:+Basic+concepts,+applications,+and+programming.+New+York:+Routledge.&ots=UfV_npWGvO&sig=AbSfd6eUZSzlTJ1S6_uq0czRaP0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Structural%20equation%20modeling%20with%20AMOS%3A%20Basic%20concepts%2C%20applications%2C%20and%20programming.%20New%20York%3A%20Routledge.&f=false
Collins, J., Gibson, A., Parkin, S., Parkinson, R., Shave, D., & Dyer, C. (2012). Counseling in the workplace: How time-limited counseling can effect change in well-being. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 12(2), 84-92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2011.638080
Davydov, D. M., Stewart, R., Ritchie, K., & Chaudieu, I. (2010). Resilience and mental health. Clinical psychology review, 30(5), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003
De Neve, J. E., Diener, E., Tay, L., & Xuereb, C. (2013). The objective benefits of subjective well-being. World happiness report.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2306651
Dey, N. E. Y., Amponsah, B., & Wiafe-Akenteng, C. B. (2021). Spirituality and subjective well-being of Ghanaian parents of children with special needs: The mediating role of resilience. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(9), 1377-1388.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319873956
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well?being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well?Being, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
Eva, N., Parameitha, D. D., Farah, F. A. M., & Nurfitriana, F. (2020). Academic resilience and subjective well-being amongst college students using online learning during the covid-19 pandemic. KnE Social Sciences, 202-214. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i15.8206
Fang, Y., Boelens, M., Windhorst, D. A., Raat, H., & van Grieken, A. (2021). Factors associated with parenting self-efficacy: A systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 77(6), 2641–2661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14767
Färber, F., & Rosendahl, J. (2020). Trait resilience and mental health in older adults: A meta-analytic review. Personality and mental health, 14(4), 361–375.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1490
González-Carrasco, M., Sáez, M., & Casas, F. (2020). Subjective well-being in early adolescence: observations from a five-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8249.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9717-1
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of management review, 31(1), 72-92.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis A Regression-Based Approach SECOND EDITION.
https://toc.library.ethz.ch/objects/pdf_ead50/5/E50_011157609_TB-Inhalt_006419631.pdf
Hong, X., Wang, J., & Zhu, W. (2022). The Relationship between Childcare Services Participation and Parental Subjective Well-Being under China’s Three-Child Policy—Based on the Mediation Effect of Parenting Stress. Sustainability, 14(24), 16425. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416425
Indriasari, F. N. (2022). Resilience and Parenting Stress in Mothers who have Children with Mental Retardation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman, 17(2), 63-68. http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jks/index
Irzalinda, V., Nawangsasi, D., & Sugiana, S. (2022). The Influence of Parenting Stress towards Parental Well-Being in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 11(1), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v10i2.50989
Jian, S. (2021). Deviation between fertility desire and fertility behavior in China and the effect of family support. Population Research, 45(4), 18.
https://rkyj.ruc.edu.cn/EN/Y2021/V45/I4/18
Jiao, C. (2020). Senior drifters’ perception of social support on subjective well-being: a mediating role of resilience. J. Shenzhen Univ, 37, 104-112. https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=1000260X&AN=146116464&h=Z2Lt0DUqkCxIJW%2f4Noa395%2b%2bwMTKSgK314NbaaTrP9aAa6e8kqBXoKryGu4nv1kxn3LiDJRqmZhsM1Emi65RLw%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d1000260X%26AN%3d146116464
Jing, W., Yu, E. L. X., & Motevalli, S. (2023). A Comparison Between Cognitive Assessment and Neurobiology Technology Assessment of Dyslexia: A Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 976 – 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16632
Jinan, N., Yusof, N. A. M. binti M., Vellasamy, V., Ahmad, A., Rahman, M. N. B. A., & Motevalli, S. (2022). Review of Parenting Styles and Their Impact on The Adolescents’ Self-Esteem. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 11(2), 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v11-i2/12202
Khairi, A. K., Li, W., Yeo, S. H., Tong, Y. S., Rahman, M. N. B. A., & Motevalli, S. (2022). The Importance of Emotional Competence in Preventing Cyberbullying: The Role of Family as Moderator. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(4), 262–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i4/13062
John, A., & Zapata Roblyer, M. (2017). Mothers parenting a child with intellectual disability in urban India: An application of the stress and resilience framework. Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 55(5), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.5.325
Jones, L., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., and Petalas, M. A. (2013). Gender differences when parenting children with autism spectrum disorders: a multilevel modeling approach. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 43, 2090–2098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1756-9
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a review. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
Lai, E. T., Yu, R., & Woo, J. (2020). The associations of income, education and income inequality and subjective well-being among elderly in Hong Kong—A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041271
Lasselin, J., Alvarez-Salas, E., & Grigoleit, J. S. (2016). Well-being and immune response: a multi-system perspective. Current opinion in pharmacology, 29, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.05.003
Lawton G. (2020). You're only as young as your immune system. New Sci. 245(3275), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30646-1
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company. https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=i- ySQQuUpr8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=DgHUkohjNd&sig=gvNYCEhyib2zJ7iR6 YCUEo4mcMc#v=onepage&q&f=false
Maheswaran, H., Weich, S., Powell, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2012). Evaluating the responsiveness of the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Group and individual level analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-156
Marsus, N. B., Huey, L. S., Saffari, N., & Motevalli, S. (2022). Peer Relationship Difficulties among Children with Adhd: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 12(6), 1265 – 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i6/13352
Martín-María, N., Miret, M., Caballero, F. F., Rico-Uribe, L. A., Steptoe, A., Chatterji, S., & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2017). The impact of subjective well-being on mortality: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies in the general population. Psychosomatic medicine, 79(5), 565-575. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000444
Motevalli, S., Saffari, N., Michael, M. T. A., & Abadi, F. H. (2022). Enculturation, Education and Sustainable Development: Understanding the Impact of Culture and Education on Climate Change. International Education Studies, 15(4), 31-41.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n4p31
Musick, K., Meier, A., & Flood, S. (2016). How parents fare: Mothers’ and fathers’ subjective well-being in time with children. American Sociological Review, 81(5), 1069-1095. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416663917
Nelson-Coffey, S. K., Killingsworth, M., Layous, K., Cole, S. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). Parenthood is associated with greater well-being for fathers than mothers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(9), 1378-1390.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219829174
Nilsson, A, H., Hellryd, E., & Kjell, O. (2022). Doing well-being: Self-reported activities are related to subjective well-being. PLoS ONE 17(6): e0270503.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270503
Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well?being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646
OECD. (2022). How’s Life? 2020: Measuring Well-being. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/b48de22e-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/b48de22e-en#biblio-d1e12585
Oyarzun-Farias, M. D. L. A., Cova, F., & Bustos Navarrete, C. (2021). Parental stress and satisfaction in parents with pre-school and school age children. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 683117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683117
Pérez, F., & Santelices, M. P. (2016). Sintomatología depresiva, estrés parental y funcionamiento familiar. Revista argentina de clínica psicológica, 25(3), 235-244. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=281948416003
Rew, L., & Horner, S. D. (2003). Youth resilience framework for reducing health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of pediatric nursing, 18(6), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-5963(03)00162-3
Ruppanner, L., Perales, F., & Baxter, J. (2019). Harried and unhealthy? Parenthood, time pressure, and mental health. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(2), 308-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12531
Skevington, S. M., & Böhnke, J. R. (2018). How is subjective well-being related to quality of life? Do we need two concepts and both measures? Social Science & Medicine, 206, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.005
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology, 5, 10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338.
https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
Tacca Huamán, D. R., Alva Rodríguez, M. A., & Chire Bedoya, F. (2020). Estrés parental y las actitudes de las madres solteras hacia la relación con los hijos. Revista de investigación Psicológica, (23), 51-66.
http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-30322020000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso
Tan, S. A., Pung, P. W., Wu, S. L., Yap, C. C., Jayaraja, A. R., & Chow, B. G. (2023). Parent–child relationship and parents' psychological well?being among Malaysian families amid pandemic: The role of stress and gender. Child & Family Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.13049
Uysal Irak, D., Bozkurt, F., & Kur?un, ?. B. (2022). Personality and resilience: Enhancing well-being and reducing negative emotions among working mothers. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 37(4), 267-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2022.2114910
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of nursing measurement, 1(2), 165-17847. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7850498/
World Health Organization. (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=GQEdA-VFSIgC&oi=fnd& pg=PR9&dq=info:u6jgPYYTh6AJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=d2UGWFdmyz&si g=dChqCK7oI1COgdqXEA5RV30lO74&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Xu, Q., & Qi, J. (2016). Work-family conflict, gender role, and job satisfaction: An analysis of the phase III Chinese women social status survey. Society, 36, 192-215. https://www.society.shu.edu.cn/EN/Y2016/V36/I3/192
Yifei, P., & Motevalli, S. (2023). Exploring the Correlations Between Game Addiction, Aggression, Narcissism, and Self-Control among Adolescents: A Comprehensive Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(3), 500–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v12-i3/17869
You, S., Lee, Y., & Kwon, M. (2019). Effect of parenting stress in Korean mothers of children with disabilities on life satisfaction: Moderating effect of intrinsic religious orientation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(3), 591-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12553