Employee retention is an issue facing most of corporate leaders due to high turnover rate. Many researchers have found that retaining employees is a significant challenge for organization as different employees are motivated by different retention strategies. A good human resource management practices would be one of the retention strategies. Human resource practices are also proposed as one of the most potent factors determining the nature and state of the psychological contract and leader member exchange. The purpose of this study is to form a conceptual model and seeking the literature review of relationship for Human Resource Management Practices, Leader member exchange, Psychological contract Fulfillment, Trade Union and Employee Retention Behaviour for the proposed model. This current study identified a gap exist such that it merits to conduct further studies on the mediating effect of leader member exchange between human resource management practice’s towards psychological contract fulfillment and the moderating effect of trade Union on leader member exchange. The findings of this current research will contribute to leader member exchange theory as well as to social exchange theory.
Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding organizational behavior.
Basu, R., & Green, S.G. (1997). Leader-Member Exchange and Transformational
Leadership: An Empirical Examination of Innovative Behaviors in Leader-Member
Dyads. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 477-499.
Claydon, T. and Beardwell, J. (2007). Human Resource Management. N. York: Prentice hall.
Cleyman K.L, Jex S.M, Love K.G, (1995) "EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCES: AN
APPLICATION OF THE LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE MODEL", International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 3 Iss: 2, pp.156 – 174
Crawshaw, J.R., (2006), “Justice source and justice content: evaluating the fairness of
organizational career management practices”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.16 No.1, pp.98-120.
Conway, N. & Briner, R.B. (2002). A daily diary study of affective responses to
psychological contract breach and exceeded promises. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 27, pp.287-302.
Coyle-Shapiro, J. & Kessler, I. (2002). Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the
psychological contract: Employee and employer perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 69-86.
Danish, R. Q., & Usman, A. (2010). Impact of Reward and Recognition on Job Satisfaction and
Motivation: An Empirical Study from Pakistan. International Journal of Business & Management, 5(2).
Graen, G. B. & Uhl?Bien, M. (1995). Relationship?based approach to leadership:
Development of leader?member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years – applying a multi?level multi domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219?247.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Balkin, D. B., & Cardy, R. L. (2004). Managing human resources,
4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Guzzo, R. A., & Noonan, K. A. (1994). Human resource practices as communications
and the psychological contract. Human Resource Management , 33: 447–462. .
Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., & Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic
review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573-603.
Hemdi. M.A. & Abdul Rahman. N. (2010) “Turnover of Hotel Managers:
Addressing the Effect of Psychological Contract and Affective Commitment”, World Applied Sciences Journal 10 (Special Issue of Tourism & Hospitality): 01-13, 2010, ISSN 1818-4952
Hemdi, M. A. & Abdul Rahim A.R, (2011), The Effect of Psychological Contract and
Affective Commitment on Turnover Intentions of Hotel Managers. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 23
Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of
mediators and moderators: examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 65(4), 599.
Hong, E. N. C., Lam, Z. H., Ramesh Kumar, C. R., & Kadirasan, V. (2012). An effectiveness of
human resource management practices on employee retention in institute of higher learning-A regression analysis. International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), 3.
Kiazad, K., Seibert, S. E., & Kraimer, M. L. (2014). Psychological contract breach and employee
innovation: A conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
Liden R.C., & Maselyn J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of Leader-Member Exchange:
An empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, 24, 43-
72.
March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. 1958. Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
Milman, A., & Dickson, D. (2014). Employment characteristics and retention predictors among
hourly employees in large US theme parks and attractions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), 447-469.
Mohamed, M.H.R.K, Ramendran, C., & Yacob, P. (2012). The Impact of Employment of Foreign
Workers: Local Employability and Trade Union Roles in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 2(10).
Mohamed, H., Moona, R. K., Nor, M., & Supian, C. (2013). The Relationship between
McGregor's XY Theory Management Style and Fulfillment of Psychological Contract: A Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 3(5).
Moncarz, E., Zhao, J., & Kay, C. (2009). An exploratory study of US lodging properties'
organizational practices on employee turnover and retention. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 437-458.
Morrison, E.W., & Robinson, S.L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A Model of
How Psychological Contract Violation Develops. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.226-256.
Mossholder, K. W., Richardson, H. A., & Settoon, R. P. (2011). Human Resource
sytems and helping In Organizations:A Relational Perspective. Academy of Management Review , Vol. 36 (No. 1), 33–52.
Portoghese, I., Galletta, M., Battistelli, A., & Leiter, M. P. (2014). A multilevel investigation on
nursing turnover intention: the cross?level role of leader–member exchange. Journal of nursing management.
Purcell, J., & Hutchinson, S. (2007). Front-line managers as agents in the HRM
performance causal chain: theory, analysis and evidence. Human Resource Management
Journal, 17, 3-20.
Robinson, S.L. (1996). Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract. Administrative
Science Quarterly,Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 574-599.
Robinson, S.L., & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Violation the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15, pp. 245-
259.
Rousseau, D.M. (1995) Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding
written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stoker, J., & de Korte, T. (2000), Het onmisbare middenkader, hfst. 5 en 8.
Assen, Van Gorcum/Stichting Management Studies.
Suazo, M. M., Martínez, P. G., & Sandoval, R. (2009). Creating psychological and legal contracts through human resource practices: A signaling theory perspective.
Human Resource Management Review, 9, 154-156.
Turnley H.L, Bolino M.C, Lester S.W, Bloodgood J.M (2004) The effects of psychological contract
breach on union commitment,Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77 (2004), pp. 421–428
Upasana A, Shivganesh B, (2009) "Reviewing the relationship between human resource practices and psychological contract and their impact on employee attitude and behaviours: A conceptual model", Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol.
33 Iss: 1, pp.4 – 31
Verburg, R., & den Hartog, D. (2001). Human resource management in nederland.
Amsterdam: B.V. Uitgeverij SWP.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M. and Liden, R. C. (1997). `Perceived organizational support
and leader-member exchange: a social exchange perspective', Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111.
Wille, G. (1994). ‘Employee retention: A Positive Force’. Credit Union Management, vol. 17(12),
34.
Witt, L. A., Kacmar, K. M., & Andrews, M. C. 2001. The interactive effects of
procedural justice and exchange ideology on manager-rated organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 505-515.
Wittmer, J. L., Martin, J. E., & Tekleab, A. G. (2010). Procedural Justice and work outcomes in a
unionized setting: the mediating role of leader-member exchange. American Journal of Business, 25(2), 55-70.
Copyright: © 2014 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
