The performance of an organisation is very crucial to ensure its sustainability. The success of an organisation does depend on the performance of its employees. Employee performance is critical to the overall success of the company (Leonard, 2019). Thus, it is crucial to ensure that the employees perform significantly to ensure the success of an organisation. This paper is conceptual in nature and not empirical. It is aimed at presenting the preliminary work for a study. The concepts of performance and the numerous theories that have evolved are examined. A review of previous literature on employee performance and other factors that influence employees’ performance like professional competency and communication competency is conducted. This conceptual framework will guide in the data collection process whereby a basic quantitative method is proposed as the most suitable approach for this study. Questionnaires will be distributed to lecturers at comprehensive universities within Peninsular Malaysia. With the mediating variable of flexible working, the study seeks to observe whether it affects employees’ performance.
Abusama, M., Haming, M., Hamzah, M. N., Ramlawati (2017). Effect of motivation, competence and Islamic leadership on job satisfaction and Teacher performance in vocational high school. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 19(10). 01-12.
Ackerman, P. L. (1987). Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 3-
27.
Ahmed, S., & Hijjah, A. R. (2012). The professional competence of the staff members of the faculties at the University of Kassala, from the students’ viewpoint, 65-82.
Akerlof, G. A. (1982) Labor contracts as partial gift exchange. Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 97, 543-569. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885099
Al-Ghzywat, M. I. (2005) Evaluation of teaching skills among faculty members in the College of Education Sciences from the standpoint of social female students. Journal of the Faculty of Education twentieth Year, 22. University of the United Arab Emirates.
Albion, M. J. (2005). A Measure of Attitudes Towards Flexible Work Options. Australian
Journal of Management. Doi: 10.1177/031289620402900207
Alghamdi, A. H. (2017). Relationship between lecturers’ professional competence, teaching environment and classroom teaching practices at Al-Baha University. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101607%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02. 034%0Ahttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cjag.12228%0Ahttps://doi.org /10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104773%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.011%0Ahttps:// doi.o
Apuke, O. D. (2017). Quantitative research methods : A synopsis approach. Arabian Journal of Business Management Review (Kuwait Chapter), 6 (10). DOI: 10.12816/004033
Arifin, M. A., Rasdi, M. R., Anuar, M. M. A., & Omar, M. K. (2017). Competencies of Vocational Teacher: A Personnel Measurement Framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7. 147-164. Doi:
10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i14/3659
Astuty, E. (2015). Implementation analysis of lecturer’s pedagogical competence on student’s academic achievement. Journal of Management Research, 7(2), 152.
Atkinson, C., & Hall, L. (2009). The role of gender in varying forms of flexible working. Gender, Work and Organisation, 16(6), 650–666
Avery, R. D., & Murphy, K. R. (1998). Performance evaluation in work settings. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 141-168.
Bahani, S. A. (2013). The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: A case study of a Malaysian electronic organization. [Bachelor of Industrial Technology Management Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang].
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159183432.pdf
Bagozzi, R. P., and Edwards, J. R. (1998). A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 45-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100104
Bakotic, D. (2016). Relationship between job satisfaction and organisational performance. Economic Research 29(1). 118-130. Doi: 10.1080/1331677X.2016.1163946 Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Biora, S., Arafat, Y., Mulyadi, M. (2021). The influence of teachers' professional competency and working discipline on teachers’ performance at state elementary school. Jurnal Penilitian Guru Indonesia, 6(2), 514-524. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.29210/021082jpgi0005
Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Competencies in the 21st century, 27(1). 5-12.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.). Handbook of Industrialand Organizational Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 687–732). Palo Alto: Consulting PsychologistsPress.
Campbell, J. P., Gasser, M. B., & Oswald, F. L. (1996). The substantive nature of job performance variability. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.). Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations (pp. 258–299). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cooley, R. E., & Roach, D. A. (1084). A Conceptual Framework. In R. N. Bostrom (Ed.) Competence in Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Sage.
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) (2022). Flexible working practices.
https://www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/fundamentals/relations/flexible-working/factsheet Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. M.I.T. Press.
Choukir, J., Alqahtani, M. S., Khalil, E., & Mohamed, E. (2022). Effects of working from home on job performance: Empirical evidence in the Saudi context during the COVID19 Pandemic. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063216
Chung, H. (2019). Women’s work penalty’ in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 25(1).
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680117752829
Ciner, L. (2019). Set up for success: How to improve employee performance. https://blog.walkme.com/how-to-improve-employeeperformance/#:~:text=Employee%20performance%20is%20defined%20as,and%20effi ciency%20of%20their%20output.&text=Each%20employee%20is%20a%20serious,em ployee%20provides%20must%20be%20significant.
Comm, C. L., and Mathaisel, D. F. X. (1998). Evaluating teaching effectiveness in America’s business schools: Implications for service marketers. Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 16(2), 163-170
Communication in the real world. (n.d.) Communication Competence.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-4-communication-competence/
Dahkoul, Z. M. (2018). The determinants of employee performance in Jordanian Organizations. Finance and Accounting-JEFA, 5(1), 11–17.
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.780Davidescu, et al., 2020
Davidescu, A. A. M., Apostu, S. A., Paul, A., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees-Implications for sustainable human resource management. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086
De Menezes, L. M., & Kelliher, C. (2016). Flexible working, individual performance, and employee attitudes: Comparing formal and informal arrangements. Human Resource Management. Doi:10.1002/hrm.21822
Dziuba, S. T., Ingaldi, M., and Zhuravskaya, M. (2020) Employees’ job satisfaction and their work performance as elements influencing work safety. System Safety: Human—
Technical Facility—Environment, 2, 18-25. https://doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2020-0003.
Education Malaysia Global Services (2022). Malaysia Higher Education in Brief.
https://educationmalaysia.gov.my/malaysia-higher-education-in-brief/
Ehido, A., Chukwuebukaibeabuchi, Z. A., Afthanorhan, A., Fawehinmi, O., Osaro, A., &
Abdullahi, M. S. (2022). The validation of measurement model for academics job performance?: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 1888–1909.
Eliyana, A., Sawitri, D., & Bramantyo, H. (2018). Is job performance affected by job motivation and job satisfaction? The 2018 International Conference of Organizational Innovation, 2018. Doi: 10.18502/kss.v3i10.3435
Essa, H. Z., and AnNaqa, S. A. (2006) Evaluating the professional skills possessed by the faculty in the College of Education at the Islamic University from the viewpoint of the members of their students according to quality criteria - Second Educational
Conference role of higher education in the overall development. College of Education - Islamic University.
Fadlallh, A. W. A. (2015). Impact of job satisfaction on employees performance an application on faculty of science and humanity studies University of Salman Bin Abdul-Aziz-Al Aflaj. International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences 2, 2349–5219.
Garaika, G. (2020). Impact of Training and Competence on Performance moderated by the Lecturer Career Development Program in Palembang, Indonesia. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 4(03).
https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v4i03.1158
Grant, G., Elbow, P., Ewens, T., Gamson, Z., Kholi, W., Neumann, W., Olesen, V., & Riesman, D. (1979). On Competence: A Critical Analysis of Competence-Based Reforms in Higher Education. Jossey-Bass.
Hamid, S. (2011). A study of effectiveness of training and development programmes of
UPSTDC, India – An Analysis. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 4(1), 72-
82. https://sajth.com/old/vol4issue1/I%20Sheeba%20Hamid.pdf
Hargie, O. (2011). Skilled interpersonal interaction: Research, theory, and practice. Routledge,
Haskas, Y., & Mujahid (2016). Competency-Based Achievement: Case study on Lecturer of
Health Sciences Colleges in South Sulawesi. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,
7(4), 517-525. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p517
Hee, O. C., Ang, D., Qin, H., Kowang, T. O., Husin, M., Ping, L. L. (2019). Exploring the impact of communication on employee performance. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3S2), 654–658. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c1213.1083s219
Huda, N., Soeoed, R., Johansyah, & Sjamsir, H. (2020). The Effect of Professional
Competence on the Work Effectiveness of State Vocational School Teachers in Samarinda-East Kalimantan. Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 8(8), 24-29.
https://www.academia.edu/44257965/The_Effect_of_Professional_Competence_on_the _Work_Effectiveness_of_State_Vocational_School_Teachers_in_Samarinda_East_Kal imantan_Huda
Inayat, W., & Khan, M. J. (2021). A study of job satisfaction and its effect on the performance of employees working in private sector organizations, Peshawar. Hindawi Education Research International, 1- 9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1751495
Iqbal, S., Baluch, N., & Abdullah, C. S. (2017). The factors affecting employee's performance of higher education. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(1). 79 – 103.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343690760_The_Factors_Affecting_Employe e's_Performance_of_Higher_Education
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2022). Number of lecturers in higher education institutions by type of institutions and sex, Malaysia. Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. https://www.data.gov.my/data/en_US/dataset/number-of-lecturers-in-higher-educationinstitutions-by-type-of-institutions-and-sex-malaysia Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2022). Education Statistics.
https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthree&menu_id=Z1hCMUVLQW VOL2tScVlhSmo5eEd3QT09
Janudin, S., Maelah, R., Amir, A., & Abdullah, N. (2015). Performance measurement system
and lecturers’ performance: Testing the mediation role of competency in Malaysian Research University. International Business Education Journal, 8, 105-120.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303822759_Performance_Measurement_Syst em_and_Lecturers'_Performance_Testing_The_Mediation_Role_of_Competency_In_
Malaysian_Research_Universities
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
Kelly, E. L., Ammons, S., & Moen, P. (2007, August). Challenging a gendered ideal worker norm while creating a flexible work culture? Paper presented at the Academy of Management meeting, Philadelphia.
Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. (2007). The National Higher Education Strategic Plan: Beyond 2020. Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.
Konrad, A. M., & Mangel, R. (2000). The impact of work-life programs on firm productivity.
Strategic Management Journal, 21(12), 1225-1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-
0266(200012)21:12<1225::AID-SMJ135>3.0.CO;2-3
Kotamena, F., Senjaya, P., Putri, R. S., & Andika, C. B. (2021). Competence or communication: from hr professionals to employee performance via employee satisfaction. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 22(1), 33–44.
https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.22.1.33-44
Leonard, K. (2019). Importance of Employee Performance in Business Organizations. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importanceassimilation-business-48834.html.
Li, J., Fang, M., Wang, W., Sun, G., & Cheng, Z. (2018). The influence of grit on life satisfaction: Self-esteem as a mediator. Psychologica Belgica, 58(1), 51–66.
https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.400
Li, M., Perez-Diaz, P. A., Mao, Y., & Petrides, K. V. (2018). A multilevel model of teachers’ job performance: Understanding the effects of trait emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.
https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2018.0 2420
Lucky, E. O. I., Yusoff, N. B. M. (2015). Evidence on teaching qualifications, characteristics, competence and lecturer performance in higher institutions in Nigeria. International
Journal of Management in Education, 9 (2), 129 150. https://doi.org/10.15 04/IJMIE.2015.068758
Masron, T. A., Ahmad, Z., Rahim, N. B. (2009). Key performance indicators vs key intangible performance among academic staff: A case study of a public university in Malaysia.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 56. 494 – 503.
Mirfan, M., Umar Ghani, H. M., Serang, S., Arifin, Z. H. (2018). Relation of Lecturer’s Competency, Motivation and Utilization of Information and Communication Technologies to Job Satisfaction and Performance. World Journal of Business and
Management, 4(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v4i1.13255
Mizell, H. (2010). Why Professional Development Matters. Oxford: Learning Forward.
MOHE. (2015). Malaysia Education Blueprint, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/17518113/44/8/085201
Mohalik, R., & Sahoo, S. (2020). E-Readiness and Perception of Student Teachers’ Towards
Online Learning in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. Doi:
10.2139/ssrn.3666914
Moreno-Murcia, J. A., Torregrosa, Y. S., Pedreno, N. B. (2015). Questionnaire evaluating teaching competencies in the university environment. Evaluation of teaching competencies in the university. New Approaches in Educational Research, 4(1), 54-
61. Doi: 10.7821/naer.2015.1.106
Mukelabai, M. M., & Phiri, J. (2021). The Effects of Effective Communication on Organizational Performance Based on the Systems Theory. Open Journal of Business and Management, 9(2), 659-671. Doi: 10.4236/ojbm.2021.92034
Nasir, M. J. A., Wiyono, B. B., & Supriyanto, A. (2017). The relationship between motivation, organizational commitment and competence with job satisfaction and lecturers performance. International Journal of Learning and Development, 7 (3), 165 187. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v7i3.11688"
Nessipbayeva, O. (2012). The competencies of the modern teacher. Bulgarian Comparative Education Society.
Sheriff, N. M., & Abdullah, N. (2017). Research Universities in Malaysia:
What beholds?. Asian Journal of University Education. https://education.uitm.edu.my/ajue/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3.-RESEARCHUNIVERSITIES-IN-MALAYSIA.pdf
Prasad, L., & Mishra, P. (2021). Impact of work life flexibility on work performance of the employees of IT Companies. Psychology and Education, 58(2), 6084-6089. Doi:10.17762/PAE.V58I2.3084
Rahman, M. (2014). Professional competence, pedagogical competence and the
performance of Junior High School of Science Teachers. Journal of Education and
Practice, 5(9). https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/viewFile/11868/12216 Sanchez, R., & Heene, A. (2004). The new strategic management. Oxford: Pergamon.
Sancoko (2020). The competency of lecturers as supervisors of the final paper in the office administration study program of Universitas Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi,
10(2). 114-125. http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpv
Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021) Profiling teachers' readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who's ready? Computers in Human Behavior. 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675.
Setiadin and Rohida. (2021). Improvement of Lecturer Competency in Order to Reach
Superior Human Resources (Study of Lecturer Competency in Universitas
Muhammadiyah Bandung). Proceedings of the 1st Paris Van Java International Seminar on Health, Economics, Social Science and Humanities (PVJ-ISHESSH 2020), 263-267.
Shaikh, M. R., Tunio, R. A., & Shah, I. A. (2017). Factors affecting to employees performance: A study of Islamic Banks. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 7(1).
https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarafms/v7-i1/2722
Shaju, M., & Subhashini, D. (2017). A Study on Job Satisfaction on the Performance of Employees Working in the Car Industry, Punjab, India. Journal of Management Research, 17, 74-83.
Shmelev, A. G. (2002). Psychodiagnosis of personnel characteristics. Saint-Peterburg, Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching. :
Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4-14.
Simanjuntak, M., & Ritonga, A. I (2018). The impact of competence on extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and performance lecturer of merchant in Indonesia. International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information, 21 (2), 547 554.
Smithworth, F., & Daswani, J. (1074). Foundations of linguistics. New York: Free Press.
Solomon, P. N., & Ayebale, D. (2017). Communication competence and staff performance:
Evidence from Muni University, Uganda. European Journal of Management and
Marketing Studies, 2(2). 122-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.843537
Sriekaningsih, A., & Setyadi, D. (2015). The effect of competence and motivation and cultural organization towards organizational commitment and performance on State University lecturers in East Kalimantan Indonesia. European Journal of Business and Management, 7 (17), 208 220.
Tarmidi, D., & Arsjah, R. (2019). Employee and Organizational Performance: Impact of
Employee Internal and External Factors, Moderated by Online Application. Journal of
Resources Development and Management, 57. Doi: 10.7176/JRDM/57-04
Thao, T. L. T., & Hwang, C. J. (2010). Factors affecting employee performance – Evidence from petrovietnam engineering. Journal of Management Research, 21(3), 21–33.
Tomaka, L.A. (2001). Workforce development in the Midwestern region. Spectrum, 74, 26-7.
Tsaur, S. H., Lin, Y. C. (2004). Promoting service quality in tourist hotels: the role of HRM practices and service behavior. Tourism Manage, 25, 471-48.
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2022). http://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/literacy
Universiti Teknologi Mara. (2020). UiTM 2025 Strategic Plan. https://penang.uitm.edu.my/images/STRATEGIK/dokumen/EBook_UiTM_2025_Strategic_Plan-compressed.pdf
Weideman, M., & Hofmeyr, K. (2020). The influence of flexible work arrangements on employee engagement: An exploratory study. Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(4). Doi: 10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1209.
Wiemann, J. M., & Backlund, P. (1980). Current theory and research in communicative competence. Review of Educational Research, 50(1), 185–199.
https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543050001185
Winarno, J. (2008). Emotional intelligence sebagai salah satu factor Penunjang Prestasi Kerja. Jurnal Manajement, 8 (1), 14-17.
Watetu, J. P. K. (2017). Factors affecting employee performance in an organization: A case study of Postal Corporation of Kenya. Thesis, 1–118.
Yap, E. (2022). Constant policy changes, admin work forcing teachers to quit early.
Free Malaysia Today.
https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/04/21/constant-policychanges-admin-work-forcing-teachers-to-quit-early/
Yin, N., & Heap, J. (2018). The influencing outcomes of job engagement: An interpretation from the Social Exchange Theory. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. doi:10.1108/IJPPM-03-2017-0054
Yufrizal, H. (2017). Teachers and students’ perceptions of communicative competence in
English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(17), 867-883. Doi: 10.5897/ERR2017.3243
Ahmed, Z. A., Ghazali, M. M., Ibrahim, A. B., Alias, N. A. (2014). Teaching Portfolio –A Handbook for UiTM Academic Staf. Universiti Teknologi MARA.