International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Relationship between Workplace Incivility and Employee Performance

Open access
Workplace incivility frequently occurs in both public and private enterprises, and it has adverse effect on organizational functioning. This study examines the relationship between workplace incivility and four dimensions of employee performance (task performance, adaptive performance, counterproductive work behavior, and contextual performance). Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and participants were 227 employees selected from Local Government Councils in Delta State, Nigeria. Hypotheses were tested using simple linear regression. Findings revealed that workplace incivility was negatively related to both task and adaptive performance, but only significantly related to task performance. Furthermore, workplace incivility was found to be positively related to counterproductive work behavior and contextual performance, however, this relationship was only significant for counterproductive work behavior. It was recommended that management of Local Government Councils in Delta State should create an environment where uncivil behavior among employees is reduced.
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471.
Arshad, R., & Ismail, I. R. (2018). Workplace incivility and knowledge hiding behavior: Does personality matter? Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 5(3), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2018-0041
Aruoren, E. E., & Oisamoje, M. D. (2023). Workplace Happiness and Employees’ outcomes in the Banking Sector in Nigeria. Himalayan Journal of Economics, and Business Management, 4(1), 75-82.
Atatsi, E. A., Stoffers, J., & Kil, A. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: a systematic literature review. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 16(3), 329-351. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-06-2018-0052
Bennett, R., & Robinson, S. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349-360.
Berg, J. M., Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2010). Perceiving and responding to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2-3), 158–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.645
Bibi, Z., Karim, J., & Din, S. (2013). Workplace Incivility and Counterproductive Work Behavior: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(2), 317-334.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. M. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. Personnel Selection in Organizations; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Butt, S., & Yazdani, N. (2021). Influence of Workplace Incivility on Counterproductive Work Behavior: Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion, Organizational Cynicism and the Moderating Role of Psychological Capital. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 15 (2), 378-404.
Charbonnier-Voirin, A., & Roussel, P. (2012). Adaptive Performance: A New Scale to Measure Individual Performance in Organizations. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 29, 280–293. DOI: 10.1002/CJAS.232
Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and Impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64–80.
Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017). Researching rudeness: the past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 299. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000089
Diamantidis, A. D., & Chatzoglou, P. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: An empirical approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(1), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0012
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural models with unobservable variable and measurement. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689-1699.
Gaan, N., & Shin, Y. (2023). Supervisor incivility and frontline employees’ performance amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A multilevel moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 73, 103347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103347
Gabriel, J. M. O., & Akani, V. C. (2019). lateral workplace incivility and organizational health. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(3), 15–39.
Gadi, P. D., Rena, N. M., & Ngyak, G. M. (2022). Workplace incivility and intention to quit among Civil Servants. The moderating role of gender. GATR-Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review, 10(2), 104-113.
Hair Jr., J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis, (8th Ed.). UK: Cengage Learning.
Heinze, K., & Heinze, J. (2020). Individual innovation adoption and the role of organizational culture. Review of Managerial Science, 14, 561–586.
Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N.W. (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcome of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368-384.
Jawahar, I. M., & Schreurs, B. (2018). Supervisor incivility and how it affects subordinates’ performance: A matter of trust. Personnel Review, 47(3), 709–726. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2017-0022
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
Khan, M.S., Elahi, N.S., & Abid, G. (2021). Workplace Incivility and Job Satisfaction: Mediation of Subjective Well-Being and Moderation of Forgiveness Climate in Health Care Sector. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11, 1107–1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ejihpe11040082
Lee, K., & Allen, N.J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviant: The role of affects and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-142.
Liu, W., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2019). Effect of workplace incivility on OCB through burnout: the moderating role of affective commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(5), 657–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9591-4
Manzoor, M. T., Manzoor, T., & Khan, M. (2020). Workplace incivility: A cynicism booster leading to turnover intentions. Decision, 47(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-020-00238-6
Mao, C., Chang, C. H., Johnson, R. E., & Sun, J. (2019). Incivility and employee performance, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors: implications of the social context. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000108
Martin, R., Guillaume, Y., Thomas, G., Lee, A., & Epitropaki, O. (2016). Leader-member exchange (LMX) and performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 69(1), 67-121.
Memarzadeh, G., Hajizadeh, M., & Sarfarazi, M. (2012). The Impact of Workplace Incivility on Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Namazi Hospital of Shiraz, Iran. Journal of American Science, 8(8), 408-410. http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0808/063_9980am0808_408_410.pdf
Oboreh, J. S., Tarurhor, E. M., & Opatayo, K. T. (2022). Workplace Incivility and staff job performance in Federal Universities: The study of South-South and South-East of Nigeria. Africa and Asia Journal of Social and Management Sciences, Humanities, Education, and Legal Studies, 3(5), 1-37.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Podsakoff, P. N., Whiting, W. S., Podsakoff, M. P., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual and organizational-levels of citizenship behaviors. A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141.
Pradhan, R., & Jena, L. (2016). Employee Performance at the Workplace: Conceptual Model
and Empirical Validation. Business Perspectives and Research, 5(1), 1-17.
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace; Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 612–624.
Rosen, C. C., Koopman, J., Gabriel, A. S., & Johnson, R. E. (2016). Who strikes back? A daily investigation of when and why incivility begets incivility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(11), 1620. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000140
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 57–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1976
Scisco, J. L., Giumetti, G. W., Bodinger, J. F., Randall, K. J., & Shemanskis, R. N. (2019). The impacts of face-to-face and cyber incivility on performance, helping Behavior, counterproductive Behaviors, and physiological activity. Occupational Health Science, 3(4), 1–12. DOI: 10.1007/s41542-019-00048-y
Vasconcelos, A. F. (2020). Workplace incivility: A literature review. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 13(5), 513–542. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-11-2019-0137
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on job models on job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216-226.
Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L., & Parks, J. (1995). Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct
and definitional clarity. Research in Organizational Behavior, 17, 215-285.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305