This study is carried out with the objective of identifying the profile and entrepreneurship literacy among the former inmates in Malaysia. This study was conducted using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. A total of 354 prisoners who have been released from detention but are still under the supervision of the Malaysian Prisons Department (JPM) have been selected as respondents to the study. Results shows that the majority of the respondents who took part with the study are those between the age of 31 years old until 40 years old (40.4 percent), Malays (78.8 percent), Muslim (86.4 percent) and mostly are men (93 percent) and not married (53.1 percent). Moreover, their education level are mostly at SPM level (42.7 percent) and were employed before they were imprisoned (88.1 percent). Results also shows that the income earned by most respondent before imprisonment are at the B40 level specifically at the B1 category which earned under the amount of RM2,500 a month (72.9 percent). Results on the interest of the respondent towards entrepreneurship shows that they are interested in doing business (59.6 percent) even though majority of them have never been involved in doing any business (66 percent), have any family members who are involved in entrepreneurship (62.1 percent) nor have they ever been taking any course in entrepreneurship (87 percent). Descriptive analysis of the study found that the entrepreneurship literacy among the former inmates at a high level (55.6 percent). Only 1.2 percent of them have a very low literacy level on entrepreneurship and the rest have a moderate level of entrepreneurship literacy (43.2 percent). The implication of this study would help the organization that provides assistance and hope in giving equal opportunity to former inmates to integrate into the community and begin a new life after their sentence in prison.
Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian (Suatu Pendekatan Praktek). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., & Desai, S. (2015). Entrepreneurship and economic development in cities. Ann. Reg. Sci. 55, 33–60.
Cooney, T. (2012). Reducing Recidivism Through Entrepreneurship Programmes in Prisons. Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 13(2), 125-133.
Chua, Y. P. (2014). Kaedah dan Statistik Penyelidikan-Asas Statistik Penyelidikan (Buku 2), Edisi Ketiga. Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill Education.
Barzdins, J. (2012). Developing health care management skills in times of crisis: A review from Baltic region. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 5(3), 129-140
Bustamante-Perez, G. (2014). Developing Entrepreneurial Literacy at University: A Hands-On Approach. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Comparative Studies. 1(2), 57-75.
Fauziah, I., Ezarina, Z., Wan Shaharazad, W. S., Mohammad, R. K., & Sheerad, S. (2023). Pembentukan Model Personaliri dan Kemahiran Keusahawanan untuk Bekas Banduan di Malaysia. Laporan Akhir Penyelidikan FRGS. Bangi, UKM
Cardella, G. M., Hernandez-Sanchez, B., & Sanchez, R. J. C. (2020). Entrepreneurship and Family Role: A Systematic Review of a GrowingResearch. Front. Psychol. 10:2939.
Hessels, J., & Van Stel, A. (2011) Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth. Small Bus. Econ. 37,255-268.
Inegbenebor, A. U. (2006). You can be an entrepreneur. The fundamentals of entrepreneurship, 1-14.
Kwabena, N. S. (2011). Entrepreneurship theories and Empirical research: A Summary Review of the Literature. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(6), 1-8.)
Norasmah, O., Azyyanti, A., & Muhmmad, H. (2009). Kekangan dalam menjalankan perniagaan dalam kalangan pelajar di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 87-107.
North, D. (2005). Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
North, D. (2005). Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rashid, R., & Muhd Fa’iz A. (2011). Pengharapan Pelatih Pusat Serenti Terhadap Latihan Vokasional Di Pusat Serenti Tampoi, Johor. Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling, Vol 2, 209-243.
Ruhizan, M. Y., & Salma, N. A. (2020). Pengaruh Pendekatan Pengajaran Terhadap Ciri-Ciri Keusahawanan dan Minat Pelajar B40 Menjadi Usahawan. ICOFEA 2020 Conference Proceeding, 541-548.
Sutter, C., Bruton, G. D., & Chen, J. (2019). Entrepreneurship as a solution to extreme poverty: A review and future research directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 34, 197-214.
Sauers, A. (2009). Entrepreneurship for Inmates: A Conceptual Model , SSRN, available from website: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1494019.
Strickland, C. D. (2018). Recidivism levels, unemployment programs, and the effects on different characteristics of criminal offenders. Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
Travis, J. (2005). But they come back: Facing the challenges of prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
UNESCO. (2005). Aspects of Literacy Assessment, Topics and Issues from the UNESCO Expert Meeting. Paris. June 2005. 10-12.
Ura, P. C. (2012) Penilaian Program Perintis Usahawan Di Sekolah Rendah. PhD Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Hessels, J., and van Stel, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth.
Hessels, J., and van Stel, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth.
