Adapting to new cultures and understanding them differ in each individual. This difference is based on different personality traits. Personality traits affect success in communicating, active behaviours, relationship structures and the capability to perform. Cultural Intelligence is, in broad terms, described as the capability to effectively interact with individuals with different cultural backgrounds or the result of those interactions. Starting with the point that there is a relation between personality traits and Cultural Intelligence, it is aimed in this research to determine the effect of Five Factor Personality Traits on Cultural Intelligence. To this end, a research has been conducted by asking the opinions of Top Ranking Football Referees who referee matches within different cultures. The data gathered in the research have been evaluated with SPSS software package and findings have been obtained by testing the hypotheses. At the end of the research, it has been concluded that there are personality traits that affect the dimensions of Cultural Intelligence. Especially the result that the personality traits of openness to experience and conscientiousness affect all the dimensions of Cultural Intelligence is of great importance with regard to the results of the research.
Alarcon, G.; Eschleman, K.J. & Bowling, N.A. (2009). “Relationship Between Personality and Burnout: A-Meta Analysis”. Work & Stress, 23(3), 244-263.
Alkan, N. (2007). Be? Faktör Ki?ilik Ölçe?i’ nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çal??mas?. Ankara: Yay?nlanmam?? Ara?t?rma.
Alon, I. & Higgins, J.M. (2005). “Global Leadership Success Through Emotional and Cultural Intelligences”. Business Horizons, 48, 501-512.
Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (2008). “Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence: Definition, Distinctiveness and Nomological Network”. S. Ang ve L. Van Dyne (Editörler), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications(ss. 3-15). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Ang, S.; Van Dyne, L. & Koh, C. (2006). “Personality Correlates of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence”. Group and Organization Management, 31, 100-123.
Ang, S.; Van Dyne, L.; Koh, C.; Ng, K.Y.; Templer, K.J.; Tay, C. (2007). “Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgement and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance”. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335-371.
Barrick, M.R. & Mount, M.K. (1991). “The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance”. Personnel Psychology, 41, 1-26.
Bouchard, G.; Guillemette, A. & Landry-Leger, N. (2004). “Situational and Dispositional Coping: An Examination of Their Relation to Personality, Cognitive Appraisals and Psychological Distress”. European Journal of Personality, 18, 221-238.
Böke, K. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Ara?t?rma Yöntemleri, Alfa Yay?nlar?, 3. Bask?, Yay?n No: 1968, ?stanbul.
Brislin, R.; Worthley, R. & MacNab, B. (2006). “Cultural Intelligence: Understanding Behaviors that Serve People’s Goals”. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 40-54.
Buss, D.M. (1991). “Evolutionary Personality Psychology”. M.R Rosenzweig & L.W. Porter (Eds.). Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459-492. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc.
Caligiuri, P.M. (2000). “The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Predictors of Expatriate’s Desire to Terminate the Assignment and Supervisor-Rated Performance”. Personnel Psychology, 53, 67-88.
Chen, G.; Gully, S.M.; Whiteman, J.A. & Kilcullen, B.N. (2000). “Examination of Relationships Among Trait-Like Individual Differences, State-Like Individual Differences and Learning Performance”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 835-847.
Cooper, C.A.; Golden, L. & Socha, A. (2013). “The Big Five Personality Factors and Mass Politics”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 68-82.
Costa, P.T. Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1992). “Normal Personality Assessment in Clinical Practice: The NEO Personality Inventory”. Psychological Assessment, 4, 5-13.
Costa, P.T. Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1995). “Domain and Facets: Hierarchical Personality Assessment Using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(1), 21-50.
DeLongis, A. & Holtzman, S. (2005). “Coping in Context: The Role of Stres, Social Support and Personality in Coping”. Journal of Personality, 73,6, 1633-1656.
Digman, J.M. (1990). “Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five –Factor Model”. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
Downes, M.; Varner, I. & Hemmasi, M. (2010). “Individual Profiles as Predictors of Expatriate Effectiveness”. Competiteveness Review: An International Business Journal of Global Competiteveness, Vol. 20 (3), 235-247.
Earley, C.P. & Musakowski, E.(2004). “Cultural Intelligence”. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 139-146.
Earley, P.C & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Earley, P.C. & Peterson, R.S. (2004). “The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as new Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager”. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, 100-118.
Fischer, R. (2008). “Cross-cultural Training Effects on Cultural Essentialism Beliefs and Cultural Intelligence”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 767-775.
Flynn, F.J. (2005). “Having an Open Mind: The Impact of Openess to Experience on Interracial Attitudes and Impression Formation”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 816-826.
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple Intelligence: New Horizons. 2 nd. Edition, New York: Basic Books.
Goldberg, L.R. (1993). “The Structure of Phenotypic Personality Traits”. American Psychologist, 26-34.
Gudykunst, W.B. & Kim, Y.K. (1997). Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication. Third Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
Gümü?, Ö.D. (2009). Kültür, De?erler, Ki?ilik ve Siyasal ?deoloji Aras?ndaki ?li?kiler: Kültürleraras? Bir Kar??la?t?rma (Türkiye-ABD), Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
HAIR, F. J., Tahtam, R. R., & William, C. (1998). Anderson Multivariate Data Analysis, 5. Th. Ed.,England: Prentice - Hall, EnglewoodCliffs.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Huang, J.L.; Ryan, A.M.; Zabel, K.L. & Palmer, A. (2013). “Personality and Adaptive Performance at Work: A Meta-Analytic Investigation”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1-19.
Huff, K.C.; Song, P. & Gresch, E.B.(2014). “Cultural Intelligence, Personality and Cross-Cultural Adjustment: A Study of Expatriates in Japan”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 151-157.
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory-Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley: University of California,Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
Johnson, J.P.; Lenartowicz, T. & Apaud, S. (2006). “Cross-Cultural Competence in International Business: Toward a Definition and a Model”. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(4), 525-543.
Kalayc?, ?. (2005). SPSS Uygulamal? Çok De?i?kenli ?statistik Teknikleri, Asi Yay?n Da??t?m, Ankara.
Kim, K.; Kirkman, B.L. ve Chen, G. (2008). “Cultural Intelligence and International Assignment Effectiveness: A Conceptual Model and Preliminary Findings”. S. Ang ve L. Van Dyne (Editörler), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications(ss. 71-90). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Kumar, N.; Rose, R.C. & Subramaniam (2008). “The Effects of Personality and Cultural Intelligence on International Assignment Effectiveness: A Review”. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 320-328.
Lee, L.Y. ve Sukoco, B.M. (2007). “The Effects of Expatriate Personality and Cultural Intelligence on the Expatriate Adjustment: The Moderating Role of Expatriate”. Proceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 922-931.
Lepine, J.A. & Dyne, L.V. (2001). “Voice and Cooperative Behavior as Contrasting Forms of Contextual Performance: Evidence of Differential Relationships with Big Five Personality Characteristics and Cognitive Ability”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 326-336.
Lievens, F.; Harris, M.M.; Van Keer, E. & Bisqueret, C. (2003). “Predicting Cross-Cultural Training Performance: The Validity of Personality, Cognitive Ability and Dimensions Measured by an Assessment Center and a Behavior Description Interview”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 476-489.
Livermore, D. (2010). Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The New Secret to Success. New York. NY: American Management Association.
McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.P. Jr. (2003). Personality in Adulthood: A Five Factor Theory Perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
McCrae, R.R. & John, O.P. (1992). “An Introduction to Five Factor Model and Its Applications”. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
Migliore, A.L. (2011). “Relationship Between Big Five Personality Traits and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions a Sample from India and USA”. Cross-Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18(1), 38-54.
Moody, M.C. (2007). Adaptive Behavior in Intercultural Environments: The Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence Factors and Big Five Personality Traits. Washington, DC: The George Washington University (unpublished doctoral dissertation).
Nakip, M. (2003). Pazarlama Ara?t?rmalar?: Teknikler ve SPSS Destekli Uygulamalar, Seçkin Yay?nc?l?k, Birinci Bask?, Ankara.
Ng, K.Y. & Earley, P.C. (2006). “Culture + Intelligence: Old Constructs, New Frontiers”. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 4-19.
Oolders, T.; Chernyshenko, O.S. & Stark, S. (2008). “Cultural Intelligence as a Mediator of Relationships Between Openess to Experience and Adaptive Performance”. S. Ang ve L. Van Dyne (Editörler), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications(ss. 145-158). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Özer, D.J. & Benet-Martinez, V. (2006). “Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes”. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401-421.
Peltokorpi, V. & Froese, F. (2014). “Expatriate Personality and Cultural Fit: The Moderating Role of Host Country Context on Job Satisfaction”. Journal of International Business Review, 23, 293-302.
Ramalu, S.; Wei, C. & Rose, C.R. (2011). “The Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Cross-Cultural Adjusment and Job Performanca amongst Expatriates in Malaysia”. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9), 59-71.
Rose, R.C.; Kumar, N. & Subramaniam. (2008). “A Review on Individual Differences and Cultural Intelligence”. The Journal of International Social Research, Vol. 1/4, Summer, 2008, 504-522.
Rockstuhl, T.; Seiler, S.; Ang, S. ; Van Dyne, L. & Annen, H. (2011). “Beyond General Intelligence (IQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The Role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Cross-Border Leadership Effectiveness in a Globalized World”. Journal of Social Issues, 67(4), 825-840.
Shaffer, M.A.; Harrison, D.A.; Gregersen, H.; Black, J.S. & Ferzandi, L.A. (2006). “You can Take it with You: Individual Diffrerences and Expatriate Effectiveness”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 109-125.
?AH?N, F., GÜRBÜZ, S., Köksal, O. & Ercan, Ü. (2012). Kültürel Zeka, Duygusal Zeka ve Sosyal Zekadan Farkl? m?d?r?, 11. Ulusal ??letmecilik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitab?, 10-12 May?s 2012, Konya, 356-365.
?ahin, F.; Gürbüz, S. & Köksal, O. (2014). “Cultural Intelligence (CQ) in Action: The Effects of Personality and International Assignment on the Development of CQ”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 39, 152-163.
?ahin, F.; Gürbüz, S.; Köksal, O. & Ercan, Ü. (2013). “Measuring Cultural Intelligence in the Turkish Context”. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(2), 135-144.
?ahin, F.; Gürbüz, S.; Köksal, O. & Ercan, Ü. (2013). “Measuring Cultural Intelligence in the Turkish Context”. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(2), 135-144.
Tan, J.S.(2004). “Cultural Intelligence and the Global Economy”. LIA, 24(5), 19-21.
Tav?anc?l, E. (2002). Tutumlar?n Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi, Nobel Yay?n Da??t?m, 1.Bask?, Yay?n No. 399, Ankara.
TFF (2013). http://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/0000014/TFF/KURULLAR/MHK/2013-2014-Sezonu-Klasman-Listeleri.pdf
Thomas, D.C. (2006). “Domain and Development of Cultural Intelligence: The Importance of Mindfulness”. Group Organization & Management, 31(78), 78-99.
Thomas, D.C. & Inkson, K.(2003). Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. San Francisco, California.
Thomas, D.C. & Inkson, K.(2005). “Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for a Global Workplace”. Consulting to Management, 16(1), 5-9.
Thoms, P.; Moore, K.S. & Scott, K. (1996). “The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy for Participating in Self-Managed Work Groups and the Big Five Personality Dimensions”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 349-362.
Van Dyne, L.; Ang, S. & Koh, C. (2008). “Development and Validation of the CQS: The Cultural Intelligence Scale”. S. Ang ve L. Van Dyne (Editörler), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications (ss. 16-38). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Widiger, T. & Trull, T.(1997). “Assessment of the Five-Factor Model of Personality”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 228-250.
Witt, L.A.; Andrews, M.C. & Carlson, D.S. (2002). “When Conscientiousness Isn’t Enough: Emotional Exhaustion and Performance Among Call Center Customer Service Represantative”. Journal of Management, 30, 149-160.
Wolff, H & Kim, S. (2012). “The Relationship Between Networking Behaviours and Big Five Personality Dimensions”. Career Development International, 17(1), 43-66.
Copyright: © 2014 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
