Healthy lifestyle behaviour is described as acts or behaviours that individuals participate in with the goal of encouraging and committing to a healthy lifestyle. There has been little study into healthy living activities among couples. The purpose of this study is to determine how healthy lifestyle attitude (HLA), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioural control (PBC) influence the adoption of a healthy lifestyle behaviour (HLB) among married Malaysians. Using self-administered questionnaires, the researchers collected data from 409 married individuals living in four states across Peninsular Malaysia. The researcher employed a multistage sampling technique. The results suggest that PBC (?= 0.118, p<0.05) is substantially associated to HLB, validating Hypothesis 3a. Furthermore, the route coefficients suggest that HLA (?= 0.160, p<0.001) is strongly associated to HLI, supporting Hypothesis 1b. The remaining two independent variables, SN (?= 0.064, p<0.05) and PBC (?= 0.72, p<0.05), are likewise strongly associated to HLI, confirming Hypotheses 2b and 3b. The substantial correlation between HLI and HLB (?= 0.135, p<0.001) supports Hypothesis 4. This study's findings add to the current theoretical knowledge of the factors that impact the adoption of a healthy lifestyle among married people. Furthermore, they offer important insights into how these characteristics might influence healthy lifestyle practises.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Chicago, IL: The Dorsey Press.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ayaz, A., Dedebayraktar, D., Inan-Eroglu, E., Besler, H. T., & Buyuktuncer, Z. (2021). How does nutrition education contribute to the consumers’ use and attitudes towards food labels?. Nutrition & Food Science, 51(3), 517-528.
Banerjee, S., & Ho, S. S. (2020). Applying the theory of planned behavior: Examining how communication, attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control relate to healthy lifestyle intention in Singapore. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 13(sup1), 496-503.
Bonne, K., & Verbeke, W. (2006). Muslim consumer‘s attitude towards meat consumption in Belgium: insights from a means-end chain approach. Anthropology of Food, 5, 1-24.
Borowiec, A., Lignowska, I., & Drygas, W. (2012). Attitudes towards healthy lifestyle promotion in mass media in the Polish adult population. Kardiologia Polska (Polish Heart Journal), 70(10), 1030-1037.
Brouwer, S., Krol, B., Reneman, M. F., Bultmann, U., Franche, R. L., van der Klink J. J. L., & Groothoff, J. W. (2009). Behavioral determinants as predictors of return to work after long-term sickness absence: An application of the theory planned behavior. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 19(2), 166–174.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modelling With AMOS; Basic Concepts, Applications, And Programming (2nd ed.). New York/London: Taylor & Francis.
Chan, K., Prendergast, G., & Ng, Y. L. (2016). Using an expanded Theory of Planned Behavior to predict adolescents' intention to engage in healthy eating. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 28(1), 16-27.
Celebi, E., Gundogdu, C., & Kizilkaya, A. (2017). Determination of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors of High School Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(8), 1279-1287.
Chevance, G., Fresán, U., Hekler, E., Edmondson, D., Lloyd, S. J., Ballester, J., Litt, J., Cvijanovic, I., Araujo-Soares, V., & Bernard, P. (2023). Thinking health-related behaviors in a climate change context: a narrative review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 57(3), 193-204.
C?hang?ro?lu, Z., & Devec?, S. E. (2011). Healthy lifestyle behaviours and related influencing factors of the students of Elazig High School of Health Sciences of Firat University. Firat Tip Dergisi, 16(2), 78-83.
Divine, R. L., & Lepisto, L. (2005). Analysis of the healthy lifestyle consumer. Journal of Consumer marketing, 22(5), 275-283.
Duncan, G. J., Wilkerson, B., & England, P. (2006). Cleaning up their act: The effects of marriage and cohabitation on licit and illicit drug use. Demography, 43(4), 691-710.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt brace Jovanovich college publishers.
Erol, S., & Erdo?an, S. (2007). Using the Transtheoretical Model to Improve and Change Health Behaviors. Atatürk University School of Nursing Journal, 10(2), 86-94.
Fen, Y. S., & Hong, L. K. (2009). Exercise as a healthy lifestyle choice: A review and avenues for future research. International Business Research, 2(1), 146-58.
Fen, Y. S., & Sabaruddin, N. A. (2008). An extended model of theory of planned behaviour in predicting exercise intention.
Francis, J. J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A., Grimshaw, J., Foy, R., Kaner, E. F. S., Smith, L., & Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory planned behaviour: A manual for health researchers. University of Newcastle, UK: Centre for Health Services Research.
Gormley, N., & Melby, V. (2020). Nursing students' attitudes towards obese people, knowledge of obesity risk, and self-disclosure of own health behaviours: An exploratory survey. Nurse Education Today, 84, 104232.
Gronhoj, A., Bech?Larsen, T., Chan, K., & Tsang, L. (2012). Using theory of planned behavior to predict healthy eating among Danish adolescents. Health Education, 113(1), 4-17.
Grandes, G., Sanchez, A., Cortada, J. M., Balague, L., Calderon, C., Arrazola, A., Vergara, I., & Millan, E. (2008). Is integration of healthy lifestyle promotion into primary care feasible? Discussion and consensus sessions between clinicians and researchers. BMC Health Services Research, 8(1), 1-12.
Guerra, F., Stringhini, S., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., & Marques-Vidal, P. (2015). Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of weight gain in the Swiss population. BMC Public Health, 15, 1-7.
Gungor, O. E., Kirzioglu, Z., & Kivanc, M. E. R. ?. H. (2015). Probiotics: can they be used to improve oral health?. Beneficial microbes, 6(5), 647-656.Laaksonen, M., Prättälä, R., & Lahelma, E. (2003). Sociodemographic determinants of multiple unhealthy behaviours. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 31(1), 37-43.
Hassan, A., Yusoff, F., & Alavi, K. (2012). Healthy families produce prosperous communities: a review. Geografia. Malaysian Journal Social Space, 8, 51-63.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2009.12.014
Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling technique. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76–83.
?kinci, S. S. (2018). Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours and Improving Health. Health Sciences Research in the Globalizing World, 885-895.
Jing, P., Huang, H., Ran, B., Zhan, F., & Shi, Y. (2019). Exploring the factors affecting mode choice Intention of autonomous vehicle based on an extended theory of planned behavior—A case study in China. Sustainability, 11(4), 1155.
Kamphuis, C. B., Giskes, K., de Bruijn, G. J., Wendel-Vos, W., Brug, J., & Van Lenthe, F. J. (2006). Environmental determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(4), 620-635.
King, A. C., Kiernan, M., Ahn, D. K., & Wilcox, S. (1998). The effects of marital transitions on changes in physical activity: results from a 10-year community study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20(2), 64-69.
Kuru, N., & Piyal, B. (2012). Gülhane Askeri T?p Akademisi E?itim Hastanesine Ba?vuran Koroner Arter Hastal??? Tan?l? Bireylerin Sa?l?kl? Ya?am Biçimi Davran??lar?n?n Belirlenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(3).
Lihua, D. (2022). An extended model of the theory of planned behavior: an empirical study of entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior in college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 6706.
Liu, D., Lee, S., & Hwang, J. Y. (2021). Factors related to the intention of healthy eating behaviors based on the theory of planned behavior: focused on adults residing in Beijing, China. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 54(1), 67-75.
Mandal, A., & Mandal, G. C. (2012). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among the urban adolescent English Medium School girls of Kolkata, India. Italian Journal of Public Health, 9(3).
Meyler, D., Stimpson, J. P., & Peek, M. K. (2007). Health concordance within couples: a systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 64(11), 2297-2310.
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2020). Malaysian Dietary Guidelines. National Strategic Plan for Non-Communicable Disease (NSPNCD) 2016-2025. 2016: Putrajaya.
Mohamad, N. I., Ismail, A., Rozi, M. S. A. M., & Ahmad, S. (2015). Tekanan kerja dan perkaitannya dengan kesihatan pekerja: Kajian empirikal sebuah kontinjen polis di Semenanjung Malaysia (Work stress and its relationship with workers’ health: An empirical study of a police contingent in Peninsular Malaysia). Geografia, 11(10).
National Health and Morbidity. (2006). Laporan Kajian Kesihatan Morbiditi Kebangsaan 2006 (NHMS III). pp: 5-20.
National Health Malaysia Survey. (2019). Statistic of Malaysians with Major Risk Factors for Diabetes, Hypertension & High Cholesterol.
NIH (National Institute on Aging). (2022). Adopting healthy habits: What do we know about the science of behaviour change?.
https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/adopting-healthy-habits-what-do-we-know-about-science-behavior-change
O’donoghue, G., Perchoux, C., Mensah, K., Lakerveld, J., van Der Ploeg, H., Bernaards, C., Chastin, S. F., Simon, C., O’gorman, D., & Nazare, J. A. (2016). A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18–65 years: a socio-ecological approach. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-25.
Ozvaris, S. B., Kay?, I., Mardin, D., Sakarya, S., Ekzayez, A., Meagher, K., & Patel, P. (2020). COVID-19 barriers and response strategies for refugees and undocumented migrants in Turkey. Journal of Migration and Health, 1, 100012.
Poh, B. K., Safiah, M. Y., Tahir, A., Siti Haslinda, N., Siti Norazlin, N., Norimah, A. K., Wan Manan, W. M., Mirnalini, K., Zalilah, M. S., Azmi, M. Y., & Fatimah, S. (2010). Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure of Malaysian Adults: Findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(1).
Portela, D. M. P. (2012). Contribution of factor analysis techniques to the study of the "scientific occupation of young people on vacation" program. (Master Dissertation). Universidade Aberta.
Salimin, N., Amin, M. D., Taff, M. D., Elumalai, G., Ahmad, Y., Almigo, Y., & Shahril, M. I. (2016). Healthy Lifestyle Program in Malaysian National Service Camp. Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy, 6(6).
Salmon, J., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Schmitz, M. K. H., & Booth, M. (2000). Leisure-time, occupational, and household physical activity among professional, skilled, and less-skilled workers and homemakers. Preventive Medicine, 30(3), 191-199.
Alam, S., & Sayuti, M. N. (2011). Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in halal food purchasing. International journal of Commerce and Management, 21(1), 8-20.
Shen, K., & Shen, H. (2021). Chinese traditional village residents’ behavioural intention to support tourism: An extended model of the theory of planned behaviour. Tourism Review, 76(2), 439-459.
Stromme, H., Mosdol, A., Nordheim, L. W., & Vist, G. E. (2018). Effects of Using Social Media in Health Awareness Campaigns to Promote Healthy Lifestyle Habits.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental Designs Using ANOVA (5th ed.). NY: Allyn and Bacon.
Tamanal, J. M., & Kim, C. H. (2020). Promoting healthy lifestyle in high school students: Determination of the lifestyle status through the healthy lifestyle screen (HLS) assessment. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 10(1), 30.
The, N. S., & Gordon?Larsen, P. (2009). Entry into romantic partnership is associated with obesity. Obesity, 17(7), 1441-1447.
Trost, S. G., Owen, N., Bauman, A. E., Sallis, J. F., & Brown, W. (2002). Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(12), 1996-2001.
Vermeulen, S. J., Anema, J. R., Schellart, A. J., Knol, D. L., van Mechelen, W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011). A participatory return-to-work intervention for temporary agency workers and unemployed workers sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 21, 313-324.
Vinther, J. L., Conklin, A. I., Wareham, N. J., & Monsivais, P. (2016). Marital transitions and associated changes in fruit and vegetable intake: Findings from the population-based prospective EPIC-Norfolk cohort, UK. Social Science & Medicine, 157, 120-126.
Watt, R. G., Heilmann, A., Sabbah, W., Newton, T., Chandola, T., Aida, J., Sheiham, A., Marmot, M., Kawachi, I., & Tsakos, G. (2014). Social relationships and health related behaviors among older US adults. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-11.
World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks.
World Health Organization. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2012). Good health adds life to years: Global brief for World Health Day 2012 (No. WHO/DCO/WHD/2012.2). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2013). Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of WHO Study Group, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. (2022). World Health Statistics 2022: Monitoring Health For The Sdgs, Sustainable Development Goals.
Wu, T., Snider, J. B., Floyd, M. R., Florence, J. E., Stoots, J. M., & Makamey, M. I. (2009). Intention for healthy eating among Southern Appalachian teens. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(2), 115-124.
Yap, S. F., Othman, M. N., & Wee, Y. G. (2013). The fallacy of one-dimensional theory of planned behaviour structure in predicting health behaviour. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 4(1), 26-44.
Yard?m, N., Gogen, S., & Mollahaliloglu, S. (2009). Sagl?g?n Gelistirilmesi (Health Promotion): Dunyada ve Türkiye’de Mevcut Durum. ?st Journal Ist Faculty Med 72, 29-35
Younis, N. (2014). Assessment of healthy lifestyle habits among Mosul university students. International Journal Adv Nurs Stud, 3(2).
Yusliza, M. Y., Fawehinmi, O., Mat, N. H. N., & Mohamed, M. (2022). Exploring the Intention to Cheat Among Undergraduate Students through the Lens of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. International Journal of Business and Society, 23(2), 1042-1065.
