The heritage of a country provides clues to its past and how its society has evolved over time. Heritage includes both tangible and intangible aspects of the country. Existing research on heritage by the mass media has primarily focused on tourism, historical conservation, or landscape value in particular. Thus, there is a lack of studies looking at other valuable heritage issues in the country. This study adopts framing analysis to determine the representational dynamics employed in online news articles on heritage issues in Malaysia. Data were collected during the study timeframe from online newspapers in Malaysia between January and July 2022, and it was found that 176 articles covered Malaysia’s heritage. The findings show that English language news portals published the highest rate of heritage news. Heritage news was mostly published as straight news type of news and used authority as the main source of information. This study identifies two frames, which are tangible and intangible heritage. The findings of the study are essential for creating awareness among the public about the different types of cultural heritage available in the country.
Abdullah, K., Ling, T. P., & Rahman, A. A. (2021). Framing for the Heritage Conservation in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11), 1273–1292.
Ascaniis, S. D., and Cantoni, L. (2022). Introduction to the Handbook on Heritage, Sustainable Tourism and Digital Media. United Kingdom: Elgaronline Publishing.
Boesman, J., Berbers, A., d’Haenens, L., & Van Gorp, B. (2017). The news is in the frame: A journalist-centered approach to the frame-building process of the Belgian Syria fighters. Journalism, 18(3), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915610988
Bouchenaki, M. (2003). The interdependency of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Keynote address, 14th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium: Place, Memory, meaning: Preserving Intangible Values in Monuments and Sites, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Retrieved from https://www.icomos.org/victoriafalls2003/papers/2%20-%20Allocution%20Bouchenaki.pdf
De Cesari, C., & Herzfeld, M. (2015). Urban heritage and social movements. In L. Meskell (Ed.), Global heritage: A reader (pp. 171–195). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Deuze, B., & Witschge, L. (2018). Beyond Journalism: Theorizing the Transformation of Journalism. Journalism, 19(2), 165–181. [DOI: 10.1177/1464884917704623]
Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Ferguson, E., and Gallagher, L. (2007). Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: The roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. British Journal of Psychology, 98(4), 667-680.
Giaccardi, E. (2012) Heritage and social media: Understanding heritage in a participatory culture, London: Routledge.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
Gore, M. L., Siemer, W. F., Shanahan, J. E., Schuefele, D., & Decker, D. J. (2005). Effects on risk perception of media coverage of a black bear-related human fatality. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33, 507–516.
Hanusch, F., & Vos, T. P. (2016). Diverse sources, diversity of voices? An analysis of sources and diversity in Australian television news. Journalism Practice, 10(5), 600-617.
John, S. (2022). Preserving intangible cultural heritage: The role of custom and oral traditions. Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies, 10(2), 45-62.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (2004). Intangible heritage as metacultural production. Museum International, 56(1–2), 52–65.
Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications.
Lim, T. C. (2011). Cultural heritage tourism engineering at Penang: Complete the puzzle of the ‘The Pearl of Orient’. Systems Engineering Procedia, 1, 358–364.
Matthes, J. & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication, 58(1), 258–279.
Media Pod. (2023). Top 30 news website in Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.mediapod.co/blog/top-news-websites-malaysia/
Orbasli, A. (2001). Tourists in historic towns: Urban conservation and heritage management. London: Taylor & Francis.
Ow, W. F., Chua, S. J. L., Ali, A. S. (2023). Challenges of Maintaining National Heritage Anglican Churches in Malaysia—A Perspective from Building Custodians. In: Nia, E.M., Ling, L., Awang, M., Emamian, S.S. (eds) Advances in Civil Engineering Materials. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 310. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8024-4_37
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (2001). Framing as a strategic action in public deliberation. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 35–65). Erlbaum.
Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00334.x
Saleh, Y. (2010). Pengenalan Pemuliharaan Bandar. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
Showkat, N. (2016). Coverage of Sanitation Issues in India. SAGE Open, 1-6.
Soroka, S. N. (2002). Issue attributes and agenda-setting by media, the public, and policymakers in Canada. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14, 264-285.
Tan, P. L., and Karmilah, A. (2019). Media reporting on heritage conservation: A study on The Star and New Straits Times online newspapers. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, Special Issue, 189-205.
Timothy, D. J. (2018). Making sense of heritage tourism: Research trends in a maturing field of study. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 177–180.
UNESCO. (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Retrieved 30 September 2020 at https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/.
UNESCO. (2003). Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 30 September 2020 at https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
Vu, H. T., & Lynn, N. (2020). When the news takes sides: Automated framing analysis of news coverage of the Rohingya crisis by the Elite Press from three countries. Journalism Studies, 21(9), 1284-1304.
Yang, L. F. (2021). Reporting on suicide in Malaysia: Problem characterization and solution advocacy by media. KOME ? An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 9(2), 46-64.
Zhang, W., & Johnson, T. J. (2010). The nature of the beast: An empirical test of four models of the public’s trust in newspapers. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 46-65. doi: 10.1177/107769900008700103
