Innovation culture is the key to today's educational advancement and reformation. If we want the educational system to be more open to new ideas in innovation, it is therefore necessary to develop a foundation of shared values, norms and practices within the school community. Thus, this study used the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) methods to build and validate the instrument in innovation culture, consists of 44 items based on Martins and Terblanche theory. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 26 and Structural Equation Modelling version 24.0 were used to evaluate the data. The questionnaire was distributed to 478 teachers in Sabah, Malaysia. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) developed a four-factor model with 21 items known as Strategy (SG), Structure (SR), Support Mechanism (MS) and Innovative Behaviour (TLI). Meanwhile, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis generated 17 items that supported the four factors hypothesis. The model fit index showed a Chi-squared/degree of freedom (Chisq/df) value at 3.940, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) at 0.954, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) at 0.962; and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) at 0.071. The composite reliability (CR) and average variance (AVE) derived from the domains varied between 0.878 to 0.934 (CR) and 0.615 to 0.732 (AVE). The analysis showed that the instrument is accurate and reliable to measure innovation culture in the school context. Validation of this model can significantly use to assess the determinants of innovation culture in educational settings.
Afshari, F. S., Campbell, S. D., Curtis, D. A., Garcia, L. T., Knoernschild, K. L., & Yuan, J. C. C. (2019). Patient?Specific, Risk?Based Prevention, Maintenance, and Supportive Care: A Need for Action and Innovation in Education. Journal of Prosthodontics, 28(7), 775-783. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13059.
Ahmed, P. K. (1998). Culture and climate for innovation. European journal of innovation management, 1(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601069810199131.
Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do. California management review, 40(1), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165921.
Ambrose, D. (2018). Inspiring Large-Scale Empowerment and Innovation in Education: An Interview with Ted Dintersmith. Roeper Review, 40(2), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2018.1434599.
Banerjee, S., & Srivastava, D. (2017). Innovation, Organisational Structure, and Culture: Its Impact and Linkage on Organization-A Review. International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change, 4(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/
10.4018/IJCESC.2017010101.
Baruah, J., & Paulus, P. B. (2019). Collaborative Creativity and Innovation in Education. In Creativity Under Duress in Education? 155-177. Springer, Cham.
Behrens, J., & Patzelt, H. (2018). Incentives, resources and combinations of innovation radicalness and innovation speed. British Journal of Management, 29(4), 691-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12265.
Bezhanova SV, Malyugina NM, Polyakova RI, et al. (2019). Social prerequisites for the development of an individual's innovation culture in modern society. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(02), 1885–1891.
Bourdeau, S., Aubert, B., & Bareil, C. (2020). The effects of IT use intensity and innovation culture on organisational performance: the mediating role of innovation intensity. Management Research Review, 44(2),359-380.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2020-0068.
Caliskan, S., Guney, Z., Sakhieva, R., Vasbieva, D., & Zaitseva, N. (2019). Teachers' views on the availability of web 2.0 tools in education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 14(22), 70-81.
Caliskan, A., & Zhu, C. (2019). Organisational culture type in Turkish universities using OCAI: Perceptions of students. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 10(2), 270-292.
Cameron, KS, & Quinn, RE (1999). Investigating and changing organisational culture. Based on the competing values model, Schoonhoven: Academic Service.
Carbonell, J. (2001). La aventura de innovar. El cambio en la escuela. Madrid: Morata.
Carvalho, A., Teixeira, S. J., Olim, L., de Campanella, S., & Costa, T. (2020). Pedagogical innovation in higher education and active learning methodologies–a case study. Education+ Training.
Crossan, M. M., & Apaydin, M. (2010). A multidimensional framework of organisational innovation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of management studies, 47(6), 1154-1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00880.x.
Dalin, P. (1973). Case studies of educational innovation. Vol. 4, Strategies for innovation in education: a synthesis and analysis of seventeen case studies of innovations in education in eight countries (Doctoral dissertation, OECD).
Danks, S., Rao, J., & Allen, J. M. (2017). Measuring Culture of Innovation: A Validation Study of the Innovation Quotient Instrument (Part One). Performance Improvement Quarterly, 29(4), 427-454. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21236.
Davydova, N. N., & Dorozhkin, E. M. (2016). Management of a network interaction of educational organisations oriented to innovation development. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(29), 415-427.
https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i29/88729
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organisational Innovation: a Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555–590. https://doi.org/10.2307/256406.
Demyanenko, N. (2020). Educational innovation studies as a complex system. ?i????????i????i ????i?????? ???????? ??????, 16, 87-101.
Deppeler, J., & Aikens, K. (2020). Responsible innovation in school design–a systematic review. Journal of Responsible Innovation, 7(3), 573-597.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2020.1809782
Díaz-Gibson, J., Civís, M., Fontanet, A., López, S., & Prats, M. À. (2019). School head teachers' views of the drive towards educational innovation in Catalonia / The vision of school directors on the promotion of educational innovation in Catalonia. Culture and Education, 31 (3), 640-670. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1630957.
Dobni, C. B. (2008). Measuring innovation culture in organisations. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(4), 539-559.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060810911156
Dungan, J. (2018). Expediting and sustaining change: Diffusing Innovation in Dynamic Educational Settings. FDLA Journal, 3(1), 9.
Gomes, G., Wojahn, R. M., Sylvia, M., & Saes, M. (2017). Technology Management Organizational learning capability, innovation and performance: study in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Revista de Administração, 52, 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2016.12.003.
Feixas, M., Martinez-Usarralde, M. J., & Lopez-Martin, R. (2018). Do teaching innovation projects make a difference? Assessing the impact of small-scale funding. Tertiary Education and Management, 24(4), 267-283.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2017.1417470
Findikoglu, F., & ?lhan, D. (2016). Realisation of a Desired Future: Innovation in Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(11), 2574-2580. https://doi.org/ 10.13189/ujer.2016.041110.
Fuad, D. R. S. M., Musa, K., & Hashim, Z. (2020). Innovation culture in education: A systematic review of the literature. Management in Education, 0892020620959760. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020620959760.
Greany, T. (2018). Innovation is possible, it's just not easy: Improvement, innovation and legitimacy in England's autonomous and accountable school system. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 65-85.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143216659297
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th Edition). Cengage, U.K.
Hamburg, I., & Bucksch, S. (2017). Inclusive education and digital social innovation. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.45.2861.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalising Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014.
Hogan, S. J., & Coote, L. V. (2014). Organisational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1609-1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.09.007.
Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organisational learning: an integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200303.
Joos, P., & Meijdam, L. (2019). Innovation in higher education: needed and feasible. Tilburg Series in Academic Education, 2.
Kolesnikova, I. A. (2020). Innovative Changes in Education of the 2010s: Pro and Cons. International Dialogues on Education: Past and Present, 7(1), 91-112.
Koroleva, D., & Khavenson, T. (2017). Innovators from Within and from Without the Education System. In Reforms and Innovation in Education, 69-83. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60246-2_5.
Kremer, H., Villamor, I., & Aguinis, H. (2019). Innovation leadership: Best-practice recommendations for promoting employee creativity, voice, and knowledge sharing. Business Horizons, 62(1), 65-74.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.010.
Kurt, T., Gur, B. S., & Celik, Z. (2017). Necessity for reforming Turkish higher education system and possibility of governance of state universities by the board of trustees. Egitim ve Bilim, 42(189). https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6253.
Lasakova, A., Bajzikova, L., & Dedze, I. (2017). Barriers and drivers of innovation in higher education: Case study-based evidence across ten European universities. International Journal of Educational Development, 55, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.06.002.
Lavelle, S. (2015). Paradigms of Governance: From Technocracy to Democracy. In Human Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 555-576. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6433-3.ch03.
Lavonen, J. (2017). Governance decentralisation in education: Finnish innovation in education. Journal of Distance Education (RED), 17(53).
Martins, E. C., & Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060310456337.
Martins, E., Martins, N., & Terblanche, F. (2004). An organisational culture model to stimulate creativity and innovation in a university library. In Advances in Library Administration and Organization. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Meissner, D., & Shmatko, N. (2019). Integrating professional and academic knowledge: the link between researchers skills and innovation culture. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(4), 1273-1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9662-8.
Canos, M. (2019). Creativity and innovation in education. Case-study.
Mumford, M.D., & Gustafson, S.B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27–43.
Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jiménez-Jiménez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2016). Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 48(1), 30-41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.009
OECD, (2016). Innovating Education and Educating for Innovation: The Power of Digital Technologies and Skills, OECD Publishing, Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264265097-en
Owusu-Agyeman, Y. (2019). Transformational leadership and innovation in higher education: a participative process approach. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2019.1623919.
Pedro, F. (2013). Les polítiques sobre recerca i innovació en educació: Tendències internacionals. In M. Martínez Martín, & B. Albaigés Blasi (Eds.), L’estat de l’educació a Catalunya. Anuari 2013, 447–478. Barcelona: Fundació Jaume Bofill.
Poirier, V., Schwartz, L. H., Eddy, D., Berman, R., Chacour, S., Wynne, J. J., ... & Sanberg, P. R. (2017). Thoughts on improving innovation: What are the characteristics of innovation and how do we cultivate them?. Technology & Innovation, 18(4), 319-330. https://doi.org/10.21300/18.4.2017.319.
Rashid, K., Hussain, M. M., & Nadeem, A. (2011). Leadership and Innovation in a School Culture: How can a leader bring about innovation in the School culture? Journal of Elementary Education, 21. Retrieved from http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/JEE/PDF-Files/6-Khalid, Madeeha & Amna_JEE Vol 21 no_1.pdf.
Rao, J., & Weintraub, J. R. (2013). How innovative is your company's culture?, 54(3). MIT.
Ruchiwit, M., Patchotasingh, M., & Phanphairoj, K. (2019). Strategies for Creating Innovators in Thailand's Higher Education. Journal of medical education and curricular development, 6, 1-10, 2382120519863078.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120519863078
Saleh, M., Al Barghuthi, N., & Baker, S. (2017, October). Innovation in education via problem-based learning from complexity to simplicity. In 2017 International Conference on New Trends in Computing Sciences (ICTCS), 283-288. IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ICTCS.2017.51.
Sartori, R., Costantini, A., Ceschi, A., & Tommasi, F. (2018). How do you manage change in organisations? Training, development, innovation, and their relationships. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00313.
Schein, E. H. (1988). Organisational psychology. Technology, (November).
Schein, E. H. (1990). Organisational culture, 45(2), 109. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.109.
Schon, D. A. (1998). The reflective professional. Academic publication of the University of the Merchant Navy, 27.
Schwabsky, N., Erdogan, U., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2019). Predicting school innovation: The role of collective efficacy and academic press mediated by faculty trust. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(2), 246-262.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-02-2019-0029.
Serdyukov, P. (2017). Innovation in education: what works, what doesn't, and what to do about it? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 10(1), 4-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-10-2016-0007.
Sidorkin, A. M. (2017). Human capital and innovations in education. In Reforms and Innovation in Education,127-139. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60246-2_8
Sipe, B. S. (2019). Embedding design thinking in a culture of innovation at two community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 657-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2019.1631230.
Smith, R. W., & Smith, K. A. (2020). Opportunities and Obstacles to Making Innovation a Priority in Education. Critical Questions in Education, 11(2), 167-178.
Soleas, E., & Bolden, B. (2020). What Helped Me Innovate: Identified Motivation Factors from Canadian Innovators' Education Experiences. Canadian Journal of Education, 43(3). https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000412.
Soltani, I., Damirchi, Q. V., & Darban, M. Z. (2011). Organisational culture and organisational innovation. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review. 1(4).
Stenhouse, L. (1975). An Introduction to Curriculum Research and Development. Pearson Education. London, Heinemann.
Titrek, O. (2015). The level of innovation management of school principals' in Turkey. The Anthropologist, 19(2), 449-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891679.
Tuckman, B. W., & Waheed, M. A. (1981). Evaluating an individualised science program for community college students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 18(6), 489-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660180603.
Tushman, M., Tushman, M. L., & O'Reilly, C. A. (2002). Winning through innovation: A practical guide to leading organisational change and renewal. Harvard Business Press.
Tymenko, M. (2019). Trends of secondary education development in the USA, Great Britain and Ukraine through reforms and innovations. Education: Modern Discourses, 2, 51-58. https://doi.org/10.32405/2617-3107-2019-1-7.
Vicente, P. N., Lucas, M., Carlos, V., & Bem-Haja, P. (2020). Higher education in a material world: Constraints to digital innovation in Portuguese universities and polytechnic institutes. Education and Information Technologies, 25(6), 5815-5833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10258-5.
Vick, T. E., & Nagano, M. S. (2018). Preconditions for successful knowledge creation in the context of academic innovation projects. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 17(01), 1850004.
Whang, N. Y. (2017). Ethical practice on innovation in the education market. Educational Research International, 6(3).
Zdunczyk, K., & Blenkinsopp, J. (2007). Do organisational factors support creativity and innovation in Polish firms? European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060710720537.
Zhang, Q., Siribanpitak, P., & Charoenkul, N. (2018). Creative leadership strategies for primary school principals to promote teachers' creativity in Guangxi, China. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences. 1(7). https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.kjss.2018.08.007.
