International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Adapting and Validating the Organizational Embeddedness Scale: An Empirical Study in the China's Hotel Industry

Open access
This study aimed to adapt and validate the Organizational Embeddedness (OE) scale for Chinese hotels. An expert validation was carried out to evaluate the content validity, and a questionnaire was utilized to collect quantitative data from 132 frontline hotel employees in order to assess the content validity, construct validity, and reliability. The adapted scale demonstrated good content validity, and exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors: "Link," "Sacrifice," and "Fit," explaining 83.26% of the variance. The analysis confirmed high internal consistency, 0.931. The adapted OE scale exhibited good construct validity and reliability, making it a valuable tool for assessing employee engagement and commitment in Chinese hotels. The findings contribute to the existing literature on organizational embeddedness and offer practical implications for enhancing employee engagement in Chinese hotels.

Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T. F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(2), 214-221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066
Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T. F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Res Social Adm Pharm, 15(2), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066
Ampofo, E. T., & Karatepe, O. M. (2022). The effects of on-the-job embeddedness and its sub-dimensions on small-sized hotel employees’ organizational commitment, work engagement and turnover intentions [Article]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(2), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2021-0858
Ampofo, E. T., Owusu-Ansah, W., & Owusu, J. (2022). Organizational embeddedness and life satisfaction among star-rated hotel employees in Accra: The role of perceptions of organizational politics and job satisfaction. Anatolia, 33(3), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1944885
Ampofo, E. T., Owusu, J., Coffie, R. B., & Asiedu-Appiah, F. (2022). Work engagement, organizational embeddedness, and life satisfaction among frontline employees of star-rated hotels in Ghana. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(2), 226-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584211040310
Chan, W. L., Ho, J. A., Sambasivan, M., & Ng, S. I. (2019). Antecedents and outcome of job embeddedness: Evidence from four and five-star hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.011
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of applied psychology, 92(4), 1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1031
Fernandez-Gomez, E., Martin-Salvador, A., Luque-Vara, T., Sanchez-Ojeda, M. A., Navarro-Prado, S., & Enrique-Miron, C. (2020). Content validation through expert judgement of an instrument on the nutritional knowledge, beliefs, and habits of pregnant women. Nutrients, 12(4), 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041136
Flake, J. K., Davidson, I. J., Wong, O., & Pek, J. (2022). Construct validity and the validity of replication studies: A systematic review. American psychologist, 77(4), 576. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001006
Goodhue, D. L., Lewis, W., & Thompson, R. (2012). Does PLS have advantages for small sample size or non-normal data? MIS quarterly, 981-1001. https://doi.org/10.2307/41703490
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T., & Tidd, S. (2006). Less is more: Validation of a short form of the job embeddedness measure and theoretical extensions. annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta.
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., & Lee, T. W. (2006). Increasing human and social capital by applying job embeddedness theory. Organizational dynamics, 35(4), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/jorgdyn.2006.08.007
Ivanenko, Y. P., Poppele, R. E., & Lacquaniti, F. (2004). Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion. J Physiol, 556(Pt 1), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.057174
Lechien, J. R., Bobin, F., Muls, V., Thill, M. P., Horoi, M., Ostermann, K., . . . Dapri, G. (2020). Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom score. The Laryngoscope, 130(3), E98-E107. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28017
Messick, S. (1989). Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment. Educational researcher, 18(2), 5-11.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X01800200
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102-1121. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069391
Muehlhausen, J., Spurk, D., Hirschi, A., & Sandmeier, A. (2023). Called to stay? The moderating roles of feedback from others and role clarity in the relationship between experiencing a calling and organizational embeddedness. Career Development International, 28(2), 160-179. https://doi.org/10.1108/CD1-06-2022-016
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Organizational embeddedness and occupational embeddedness across career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 336-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.002
Ng, T. W. H. (2016). Embedding employees early on: The importance of workplace respect. Personnel psychology, 69(3), 599-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12117
Ng, T. W. H., Koopmann, J., & Lucianetti, L. (2023). Supervisor Age and Embeddedness, Employee Embeddedness, and Job Performance. Work, Aging and Retirement, 9(2), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waac003
Peltokorpi, V., Allen, D. G., & Froese, F. (2015). Organizational embeddedness, turnover intentions, and voluntary turnover: The moderating effects of employee demographic characteristics and value orientations. Journal of organizational behavior, 36(2), 292-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1981
Peng, Y., Albuquerque, P. H. M., do Nascimento, I. F., & Machado, J. V. F. (2019). Between nonlinearities, complexity, and noises: An application on portfolio selection using kernel principal component analysis. Entropy, 21(4), 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21040376
Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 30(4), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199
Ramesh, A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. J Appl Psychol, 95(5), 807-823. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019464
Surucu, L., & Maslakci, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1540
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in science education, 48, 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Ting-ang, Y., & Wen-quan, L. (2013). Scale Development of New Generation Migrant Rural Worker's Job Embeddedness :The Moderating Effect of Community Embeddedness. POPULATION & ECONOMICS(04), 21-29.
Wen, B., Zhou, X., Hu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). Role stress and turnover intention of front-line hotel employees: the roles of burnout and service climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00036
Yu, J., Ariza-Montes, A., Giorgi, G., Lee, A., & Han, H. (2020). Sustainable relationship development between hotel company and its employees: Linking job embeddedness, job satisfaction, self-efficacy, job performance, work engagement, and turnover. Sustainability, 12(17), 7168. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177168
Yunchuan, C., & Yi, L. (2014). A Study of Organizational Embeddedness, Occupational Embeddedness and Job Performance of
Zhang, M., Fried, D. D., & Griffeth, R. W. (2012). A review of job embeddedness: Conceptual, measurement issues, and directions for future research. Human Resource management review, 22(3), 220-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.02.004