Research on students’ fatigue in universities may emerge as one of the interesting fields of exploration in higher education for some reasons. It is associated with unfavourable outcomes such as diminished engagement, achievement and motivation, which may result in dropout. By investigating the connection between students’ effort and their outcome and performance, this study aims to shed light at identifying the perception of learners on burnout as the outcome of effort and how it might affect students’ performance. The sample size consisted of 100 students of UiTM Centre of Foundation Studies from different programmes namely Engineering, Science, TESL and Law. The quantitative survey used in this study is adapted from the instrument of 5 Likert-scale pioneered by Vroom (1964), Campos,et.al (2011) and Pintrich & De Groot (1990), and comprises six sections: Demographic Profiles, Motivational Scales, Expecting Component, Affective Component, Burnout-Exhaustion and Burnout-Disengagement. A total of 40 items were employed in this survey. The findings reveal that there is significantly low relationship between outcome (burnout) and effort, effort and performance as well as performance and outcome (burnout), respectively. This study is believed to has further significant implication for both educators and learner if the practical consequences for reducing academic burnout and increasing students' self-determination are expanded.
Campos, J. A. D. B., Zucoloto, M. L., Bonafe, F. S. S., Jordani, P. C., and Maroco, J. (2011) Reliability and Validity of Self-Reported Burnout in College Students: A Cross Randomized Comparison of Paper-and-Pencil vs. Online Administration. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1875-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.011
Cazan, A. M. (2015). Learning motivation, engagement and burnout among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 187, 413-417.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory.
Erturgut, R., & Soysekerci, S. (2010). An empirical analysis on burnout levels among second year vocational schools students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1399-1404.
Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D. M., & Okoronka, A. U. (2020). Motivation in learning. Asian Journal of Education and social studies, 10(4), 16-37.
Goodman, S., Jaffer, T., Keresztesi, M., Mamdani, F., Mokgatle, D., Musariri, M., ... & Schlechter, A. (2011). An investigation of the relationship between students' motivation and academic performance as mediated by effort. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 373-385.
Hwang, J. E., Kim, N. J., Kwon, N., & Kim, S. Y. (2019). An effort-reward imbalance model to study engagement and burnout: a pilot study. Journal of Education and Development, 3(2), 1.
International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(2), 219-229.
Jackson, S. L. (2015) Research methods and Statistics-A Critical Thinking Approach (5tH Edition) Boston, USA:: Cengage Learning.
Jagodics, B., & Szabó, É. (2022). Student burnout in higher education: a demand-resource model approach. Trends in Psychology, 1-20.
Lee, M. Y., Lee, M. K., Lee, M. J., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Academic burnout profiles and motivation styles among Korean high school students. Japanese Psychological Research, 62(3), 184-195.
Levi, U., Einav, M., Ziv, O., Raskind, I., & Margalit, M. (2014). Academic expectations and actual achievements: the roles of hope and effort. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 29, 367-386.
Liu, X. (2023). Examining student burnout causes among English as a foreign language student: focus on school climate and student growth mindset. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1166408.
Liu, Z., Xie, Y., Sun, Z., Liu, D., Yin, H., & Shi, L. (2023). Factors associated with academic burnout and its prevalence among university students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 317.
Maehr, M. L., & Zusho, A. (2009). Achievement goal theory: The past, present, and future.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Burnout. In Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 351-357). Academic Press.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
Menges, J. I., Tussing, D. V., Wihler, A., & Grant, A. M. (2017). When job performance is all relative: How family motivation energizes effort and compensates for intrinsic motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 60(2), 695-719.
Miltojevic, V. D., Krstic, I. L., & Orlic, A. N. (2022). Burnout among students of technical faculties in Serbia – A case study,
Neumann, Y., Finaly-Neumann, E., & Reichel, A. (1990). Determinants and consequences of students' burnout in universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 61(1), 20-31.
Nikodijevic, A., Labrovic, J. A., & Dokovic, A. (2012). Academic burnout among students at faculty of organizational sciences. Journal for Theory and Practice Management, 64, 64-53.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning Components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33–40. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33
Pisarik, C. T. (2009). Motivational orientation and burnout among undergraduate college students. College Student Journal, 43(4), 1238-1253.
Rahmat, N. H., SUkimin, I. S., Sim, M. S., Anuar, M., & Mohandas, E. S. (2021) Online Learning Motivation and Satisfaction: A Case Study of Undergraduates Vs Postgraduates. International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol 11(2), pp 88-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2021.112.88.97
Rahmati, Z. (2015). The study of academic burnout in students with high and low level of self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 49-55.
Rahmatpour, P., Chehrzad, M., Ghanbari, A., & Sadat-Ebrahimi, S. R. (2019). Academic burnout as an educational complication and promotion barrier among undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of education and health promotion, 8.
Reis, A., Soares, D., Ferreira, T., & Santos, T. (2021). Burnout in higher education students: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 11(1), 35.
Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., Leskinen, E., & Nurmi, J. E. (2009). School burnout inventory (SBI) reliability and validity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 48-57.
Sharififard, F., Asayesh, H., Hosseini, M. H. M., & Sepahvandi, M. (2020). Motivation, self-efficacy, stress, and academic performance correlation with academic burnout among nursing students. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, 7(2), 88-93.
Usan, P., Salavera, C., Quilez-Robres, Q., & Lozana-Blasco, R. (2022). Behaviour Patterns between Academic Motivation, Burnout and Academic Performance in Primary School Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.19(19):12663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912663
volumVroom, V. (1964) Work and Motivation. Wiley and Sons, New YorkWigfield, A., Tonks, S., & Klauda, S. L. (2009). Expectancy-value theory.
Wong, W. O., & Kwong, W. M. (2020). Examining the sources and impact of school burnout among secondary school students in Hong Kong: A mixed-methods study. School Psychology International, 41(3), 204-222.
Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M. A. (2021). The role of passion for sport in college student-athletes’ motivation and effort in academics and athletics. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100055.
Yunus, A. S., & Ali, W. Z. W. (2009). Motivation in the Learning of Mathematics. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 93-101.
