From the probing done to a total of seven published research works plus one report issued by an NGO, it may be concluded that the 1MDB causes raised in Part I and the present Part II do not differ at all except in how some of the causes are identified as. There appears to be similarities too in treating some of the causes which are probably symptoms as the main or primary causes. Also, many are concerned with similar causes to the neglect of other possible causes. And as far as the root causes are concerned, it may be concluded that they are as follows: the decadent leadership at the very top; the unhealthy political and social culture; the debilitating public governance; the deficient global financial system plus the lacking in integrity of the so called facilitators working at the international arena; and, last but certainly not the least, the style of followership within a political party or level of submissiveness within the civil service or for that matter the kind of citizenry found within the country.
Azham, M.A. (2022). 1MDB: The Causes! Part I. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11), 3230 – 3298. https://hrmars.com/index.php/IJARBSS/article/view/15770/1MDB-The-Causes-Part-I
Azham, M.A. (1999). Political Economy of External Audit in Malaysia, 1957-1997, Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia Press. http://repo.uum.edu.my/6312/
Azham, M.A., Siti-Zabedah, S., Mohd.-Hadafi, S., Mohd.-Hadzrami, H.R., Mohd-Syahrir, R., & Gloeck, J.D. (2012). Internal audit in the federal government organizations of Malaysia: The good, the bad and the very ugly? Asian Journal of Business and Governance, 2(1), 68-110. https://asianscientificjournals.com/new/publication/index.php/ajobg/issue/view/19
C4 Center. (2017). Understanding cross border corruption and money laundering: The 1mdb chronicles exposed. https://c4center.org/political-financing-and-cross-border-corruptions/
Chen, V. (2019). Enforcement of directors’ duties in Malaysia and Australia: the implications of context. Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, 19(1), 91-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729342.2019.1616942
Chen, V. (2020). Corporate Law and Political Economy in a Kleptocracy. [See note inside the text.]
Gabriel, C. (2018). The Rise of Kleptocracy: Malaysia's Missing Billions. Journal of Democracy, 29 (1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0005
Jones, D.S. (2020). 1MDB corruption scandal in Malaysia: a study of failings in control and accountability. Public Administration and Policy 23(1), 2020, 59-72. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0032/full/html
Jones, D.S. (2022). Challenges in combating corruption in Malaysia: issues of leadership, culture and money politics. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 2022, 136-149. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PAP-01-2022-0002/full/html
Quah, J.S.T. (2022). Breaking the cycle of failure in combating corruption in Asian countries. Public Administration and Policy, 24(2), 125-138. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PAP-05-2021-0034/full/html
Quah, J.S.T. (2022). Leadership and culture in combating corruption: a comparative analysis. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 193-207. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PAP-05-2022-0043/full/html
Shah, A. & Schacter, M. (2004). Combating corruption: Look before you leap. Finance and Development, 41(4, December), 40-43. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/022/0041/004/article-A012-en.xml?rskey=oNm1Er&result=1
Siddiquee, N.A. & Zafarullah, H. (2022) Absolute Power, Absolute Venality: The Politics of Corruption and Anti-corruption in Malaysia. Public Integrity, 24(1), 1-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10999922.2020.1830541