The paper analyses how leaders are psychologically affected by frustrations and inspirations, moderated by gender, stage of moral development, and organizational centralization. The study aimed at addressing the deficiencies in literature about how leader’s mental health and efficiency is being influenced by these elements. A major aim of the research has been to examine how emotional experiences of leaders are shaped by these moderators. To achieve this goal, the study reviews various theoretical and empirical studies on leadership psychology. Major results from the research indicate that leaders’ psychological well-being and leadership capacity is significantly influenced by frustrations and inspirations. In addition, gender differences play a significant role on how they perceive and react to such experiences. Moreover, stages of moral development greatly determine the ethical decision-making processes that leaders undergo. Autonomy towards addressing problems is also affected by the extent of organizational centralization. All these factors have been found to concurrently stimulate some leadership emotions thereby affecting their psychological health. These issues thus necessitate that integration of these moderating factors be done in leadership development programs through advocating for gender sensitivity, ethical training for leaders and changing organizational structure to be supportiveness and effective towards the leadership process and mental well-being. In addition, this knowledge provides important insights in relation to leadership psychology with regard to implications for organizational policies as well as practical applications entailing training courses for new leaders or those who wish to become managers one day.
Abdullahi, A. Z., Anarfo, E. B., & Anyigba, H. (2020). The impact of leadership style on organizational citizenship behavior: does leaders’ emotional intelligence play a moderating role? Journal of Management Development, 39(9/10), 963–987.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-01-2020-0012
Ameen, A. A., Alshamsi, S., Isaac, O., Gazem, N., & Mohammed, F. (2020). Impact of Inspirational Motivation on Organizational Innovation (Administrative Innovation, Process
Innovation, and Product Innovation). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6048-4_53 Andina-Díaz, E., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Quiroga-Sánchez, E., Ortega-Galán, Á. M., Fernández-Medina, I. M., & Ruiz-Fernández, M. D. (2023). Nursing students’ perception about gender inequalities presented on social networks: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031962 Andrews, R., Boyne, G., Law, J., & Walker, R. (2007). Centralization, Organizational
Strategy, and Public Service Performance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19, 57-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/JOPART/MUM039
Baheer, M. (2023). The effect of ei (Emotional Intelligence) on employee motivation and decision making of leaders in private universities/institutes of higher education in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. International Journal of Education and Social Science Research, 06(02), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2023.6203
Bani-Melhem, S., Abukhait, R., & Bourini, I. (2022). How and when does centralization affect the likelihood of passive leadership? Leadership & Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-10-2021-0492
Black, G. B., Wood, V. J., Ramsay, A. I. G., Vindrola-Padros, C., Perry, C., Clarke, C. S., Levermore, C., Pritchard-Jones, K., Bex, A., Tran, M. G. B., Shackley, D. C., Hines, J., Mughal,
M. M., & Fulop, N. J. (2022). Loss associated with subtractive health service change: The case of specialist cancer centralization in England. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy,
27(4), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/13558196221082585
Boateng, P. A. (2023). Analyzing the relationship between psychopathy and leadership effectiveness: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. European Journal of Business and Management. 1594), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/15-14-01
Cha, H., Uchida, Y., & Choi, E. (2023). Gender differences in perceived legitimacy and status perception in leadership role. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1088190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088190
Crocetti, E., Moscatelli, S., Kaniušonyt?, G., Meeus, W., Žukauskien?, R., & Rubini, M. (2019). Developing Morality, Competence, and Sociability in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study of Gender Differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 1009-1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00996-2
D’Souza, G. S., Irudayasamy, F. G., & Parayitam, S. (2023). Emotional exhaustion, emotional intelligence and task performance of employees in educational institutions during
COVID 19 global pandemic: a moderated-mediation model. Personnel Review, 52(3), 539–
572. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-03-2021-0215
Da’as, R., Schechter, C., & Qadach, M. (2020). School leaders’ cognitive complexity:
Impact on the Big 5 model and teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of School Leadership, 30(5), 398–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052684619896535
Delos Reyes-Ancheta, R. (2021). Benedictine Leadership: Carving caring spaces. SCIENTIA, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.57106/scientia.v10i2.136
Demirtas, O., Hannah, S., Gok, K., Arslan, A., & Çapar, N. (2017). The Moderated Influence of Ethical Leadership, Via Meaningful Work, on Followers’ Engagement, Organizational Identification, and Envy. Journal of Business Ethics, 145, 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-015-2907-7
Doyle Fosco, S. L., Brown, M. A., & Schussler, D. L. (2023). Factors affecting educational leader wellbeing: Sources of stress and self-care. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231184601
Ellison, C. W., & Mattila, W. S. (1983). The needs of evangelical Christian leaders in the United States. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(1), 28–35.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100105
Fernández, V., Gausereide-Corral, M., Valiente, C., & Sánchez-Iglesias, I. (2023). Effectiveness of trauma-informed care interventions at the organizational level: A systematic review. Psychological Services, 20(4), 849–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000737
Ferramosca, F. M., Filomeno, L., Gualandi, R., Tartaglini, D., & Ivziku, D. (2021). The
Role of the Leader on the nurses perception of work well-being. Professioni infermieristiche, 74(4), 266. https://doi.org/10.7429/pi.2021.744266b
Foulk, T. A., Lanaj, K., Tu, M.-H., Erez, A., & Archambeau, L. (2018). Heavy is the head that wears the crown: An actor-centric approach to daily psychological power, abusive leader behavior, and perceived incivility. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 661–684. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.1061
Fumagalli, M., Ferrucci, R., Mameli, F., Marceglia, S., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Zago, S., Lucchiari, C., Consonni, D., Nordio, F., Pravettoni, G., Cappa, S., & Priori, A. (2010). Gender-
related differences in moral judgments. Cognitive Processing, 11, 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0335-2
Gartzia, L., & van Engen, M. (2012). Are (male) leaders “feminine” enough? Gender in Management An International Journal, 27(5), 296–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211252624
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & Mckee, A. (2002). The emotional reality of teams. Journal of
Organizational Excellence, 21, 55-65. DOI: 10.1002/NPR.10020
Gouasmia, S. (2022). Role of effective emotional intelligence in improving the functionality of administrative institutions. Akkad Journal Of Law And Public Policy, 1(3), 135–
147. https://doi.org/10.55202/ajlpp.v1i3.72
Granirer, D. (2018). Emotional intelligence: Get with it! International Journal of Mental Health, 47, 90-91. DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2018.1425050
Hassan, F., Sharip, S. M., Ibrahim, S. S., Awang, M., & Fadzil, M. A. M. (2022). Leaders' Emotional Intelligence Influencing Employees' Emotions: An Empirical Investigation in the Public Sector. 13th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES.
Helmold, M. (2021). Managing New Work Through Emotional Intelligence (EI). New Work, Transformational and Virtual Leadership.
Hernandez Bark, A. S., Escartín, J., Schuh, S. C., & Dick, R. (2016). Who Leads More and
Why? A Mediation Model from Gender to Leadership Role Occupancy. Journal of Business Ethics, 139, 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-015-2642-0
Hsu, N., Newman, D. A., & Badura, K. L. (2022). Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: Meta-analysis and explanatory model of female leadership advantage. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10040104 Humphrey, R. H. (2013). Effective Leadership. SAGE Publications.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781544308524
Istianingsih, N., Masnun, A., & Pratiwi, W. (2020). Managerial performance models through decision making and emotional intelligence in public sector. ADMINISTRATIE SI MANAGEMENT PUBLIC, 1(35), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.24818/amp/2020.35-10 Joshi, A., Lazarova, M., & Liao, H. (2009). Getting Everyone on Board: The Role of Inspirational Leadership in Geographically Dispersed Teams. Organ. Sci., 20, 240-252. https://doi.org/10.1287/Orsc.1080.0383
Jubran, A. M., & Saleh, N. A. (2018). The extent of practicing emotional intelligence among principals and its relationship to leadership styles in Jordan. IUG Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 26(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.12816/0049244
Khan, M. A. S., Jianguo, D., Ali, M., Saleem, S., & Usman, M. (2019). Interrelations Between Ethical Leadership, Green Psychological Climate, and Organizational Environmental Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01977
Krompa, G. M., O’Mahony, E., Tan, J., Mulligan, O., & Adamis, D. (2022). The effectiveness of community Mental Health Teams in relation to team cohesion, authentic leadership and size of the team: A study in the north west of Ireland. Community Mental Health Journal, 58(7), 1393–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-00951-9
Kundi, G. M. (2021). Relationship between emotional intelligence and managerial decision-making styles: Multi-mediation analysis. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 10(46), 244–
258. https://doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.46.10.25
Landay, K., Harms, P., & Credé, M. (2019). Shall We Serve the Dark Lords? A
Meta-Analytic Review of Psychopathy and Leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104, 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000357
Lasthuizen, K., & Badar, K. (2023). Ethical reasoning at Work: A cross-country comparison of gender and age differences. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13050136
Lejeune, J., Chevalier, S., Fouquereau, E., Chenevert, D., Coillot, H., Binet, A., Gillet, N., Mokounkolo, R., Michon, J., Dupont, S., Rachieru, P., Gandemer, V., & Colombat, P. (2020). Relationships between managerial and organizational practices, psychological health at work, and quality of care in pediatric oncology. JCO Oncology Practice, 16(10), e1112–e1119. https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.19.00583
Lewis, A., & Fagenson-Eland, E. (1998). The Influence of Gender and Organization Level on Perceptions of Leadership Behaviors: A Self and Supervisor Comparison. Sex Roles, 39, 479-
502. DOI: 10.1023/A:1018831328037
Lukenbill, W. B., & Young, W. D. (2017). Broadway musicals and the Christian sermon:
Communicating moral reasoning, church values, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Religious
& Theological Information, 16(2), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10477845.2017.1281068
Ma, H. K. (2013). The moral development of the child: An integrated model. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, 57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00057
Madden, M. (2011). GENDER STEREOTYPES OF LEADERS: DO THEY INFLUENCE
LEADERSHIP IN HIGHER EDUCATION? Wagadu: a Journal of Transnational Women's and Gender Studies, 9, 55.
Manggai, B. A., Thukiman, K. B., Othman, M. F. B., & Simon, E. J. (2019). Transformational leadership and ethical decision making. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. AIMC 2018 - Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference.
https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.05.02.46
Maritz, J. E. (2006). Emotional intelligence: prerequisite for effective team coaching. Management Today, 22, 58-60.
Marturano, A. (2007). Leadership: The Key Concepts (A. Marturano & J. Gosling, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099643
Mason, C., & Simmons, J. (2011). Forward looking or looking unaffordable? Utilising academic perspectives on corporate social responsibility to assess the factors influencing its adoption by business. Business Ethics (Oxford, England), 20(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01614.x
McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Anderson, R. D. (2002). Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 545–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00143-1
McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Anderson, R. D. (2005). Subordinate–manager gender combination and perceived leadership style influence on emotions, self-esteem and organizational commitment. Journal of Business Research, 58, 115-125. DOI: 10.1016/S0148-
2963(03)00112-7
Mfikwe, N. M. G., North-West University, Graduate School of Business & Government Leadership, Mmabatho, Pelser, T. G., & University of KwaZulu-Natal, Graduate School of Business and Leadership, Durban. (2017). The significance of emotional intelligence and leadership styles of senior leaders in the South African government. Management Journal of
Contemporary Management Issues, 22(2), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.30924/mjcmi/2017.22.2.115
Michie, S., & Gooty, J. (2005). Values, emotions, and authenticity: Will the real leader please stand up? The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 441–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.006
Mikucka-Wójtowicz, D. (2019). The impact of europeanization on internal party organizational dynamics in selected post-Yugoslav countries. Journal of Balkan and Near
Eastern Studies, 21(2), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2017.1367588
Mishra, D. (2022). An Analysis of the Role of Emotional Intelligence in Corporate Leadership. ECS Transactions.
Mohamad Saferdin, W. A. A. W., Md Jani, S. H., Jislan, F., & Rosidi, R. M. (2023). The relationships between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness in selected Malaysian public sectors. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I)), 466–476. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(i).3556
Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers' mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta?analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38, 327-350. https://doi.org/10.1002/JOB.2124
Montgomery, N., & Cowen, A. P. (2020). How leader gender influences external audience response to organizational failures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000176
Moon, J. (2021). Effect of emotional intelligence and leadership styles on risk intelligent decision making and risk management. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 11(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2021-0008 Moore, M. G., & Diehl, W. C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of distance education.
Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315296135
Oreg, S., & Berson, Y. (2019). Leaders’ impact on organizational change: Bridging theoretical and methodological chasms. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 272–307. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0138
Park, C. S., Byon, H., Keeling, J. W., Beitsch, L. M., & Merrill, J. A. (2013). Preliminary findings from an interventional study using network analysis to support management in local health departments in Florida. https://doi.org/10.13023/FPHSSR.0206.06
Pooja, Bhatia, N., & Kumar, P. (2022). Emotional intelligence amongst millennials.
International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals, 13(1), 1– 18. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhcitp.300316
Rajah, R., Song, Z., & Arvey, R. (2011). Emotionality and leadership: Taking stock of the past decade of research. Leadership Quarterly, 22, 1107-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LEAQUA.2011.09.006
Rudolf G de, M. (1955). The jury-group. The Medico-Legal Journal, 23(1), 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/002581725502300102
Santa, R., Moros, A., Morante, D., Rodríguez, D., & Scavarda, A. (2023). The impact of emotional intelligence on operational effectiveness: The mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior and leadership. PloS One, 18(8), e0284752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284752
Sarker, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Islam, M. A., Chowdhury, N. A., & Haque, A. K. M. A. (2021). Tracing the route to organizational performance through expatriate leadership effectiveness: The role of emotional, cultural and spiritual intelligence. International Journal of Business Excellence, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2021.10041128
Schermuly, C. C., & Meyer, B. (2016). Good relationships at work: The effects of Leader–Member Exchange and Team–Member Exchange on psychological empowerment, emotional exhaustion, and depression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(5), 673–691. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2060
Schminke, M., Ambrose, M., & Neubaum, D. O. (2005). The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 97, 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OBHDP.2005.03.006
Siddiqui, N., Hariprasad, S., & Tsipursky, M. (2020). Burnout in Ophthalmology.
Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina, 51(9), 480-484. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20200831-01
Storey, V. A., & Dambo, N. J. C. (2017). Educational leadership sustainability. In Encyclopedia of Strategic Leadership and Management (pp. 182–193). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1049-9.ch014
Swanson, P. L. (2013). Talent management -- sharpening the focus. Defense Technical Information Center. https://doi.org/10.21236/ada592554
Teame, K., Debie, A., & Tullu, M. (2022). Healthcare leadership effectiveness among managers in Public Health institutions of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia: a mixed methods study. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-078796
Tran, L. (2020). International NGO centralization and leader-perceived effectiveness.
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(1), 134–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764019861741
Vincent-Höper, S., Muser, C., & Janneck, M. (2012). Transformational leadership, work engagement, and occupational success. Career Development International, 17, 663-682. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211283805
Wood, R. (2019). The impact of moral reasoning on ethical decision-making in leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 13(2), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21625
Zhang, X.?an, Li, N., Ullrich, J., & van Dick, R. (2015). Getting Everyone on Board. Journal of Management, 41, 1898 - 1933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312471387
