The growth trajectory necessitates modifying extensive land use patterns, mainly by converting forests for alternative purposes such as large-scale agricultural farms, eco-tourism ventures, oil palm plantations, plantation forests, and urban expansion. In recent years, there has been a notable rise in the demand for agricultural products and flower cultivation in Lojing Highlands, making it a significant contributor to the country's export market. This surge in demand has positioned Lojing Highlands as a prominent region for the production and sale of these commodities, second only to Cameron Highlands. The allocation of land concessions to private entities and government-affiliated corporations has exerted significant strain on the indigenous group. The Temiar populations residing in the Lojing Highlands, whose livelihoods are reliant on the forest, have encountered significant obstacles as a result of alterations in land utilisation. The results of the study show that there was a land use change in the study area between the years 2009, 2014, and 2019. The overall accuracy of supervised classification images in 2009, 2014, and 2019 was 80.00 per cent, 86.63 per cent and 97.75 per cent, respectively. Based on respondents, the most significant causes of deforestation in the study area are accessibility factors, land use factors, government policy management factors, human factors, ecology and finally, population and socio-economic factors.
Adnan, N. A., Rahim, H. A., Mohd, F. A., & Maulud, K. N. (2021). Beach Profile Assessment and Erosion Rate Estimation of Monsoonal Coastline Area in Pahang, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 799.
Bodo, T., Gimah, B. G., & Seomoni, K. J. (2021). Deforestation and Habitat Loss: Human Causes, Consequences and Possible Solutions.
Runyan, C., Stehm, J. (2020). Deforestation: drivers, implications, and policy responses. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.669
FAO. (2011). Status of the Forest Resources Assessment in South-Asian sub-Region and the country capacity building needs. Forest Resources Assessment working paper no. 3. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
https://www.fao.org/3/ae218e/ ae218e00.htm. 122.
FAO. (2017). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Rome: Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security, pp 17, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/ 3/I7787e/I7787e.pdf.
FAO. (2020). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020. FAO Main Report. Rome: Forest Resource Assessment, pp 11, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9825en/ ca9825en.pdf.
Fernández-Calzado, R., Ghosn, D., Gottfried, M., Kazakis, G., Mesa, J. M., Pauli, H., & Merzouki, A. (2013). Patterns of endemism along an elevation gradient in Sierra Nevada (Spain) and Lefka Ori (Crete, Greece). Pirineos, 168, 7-24.
Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM) Annual Report (2021, 2020, 2019, 2014 & 2009).
Gibbs, H. K., Ruesch, A. S., Achard, F., Clayton, M. K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (2010). Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16732 - 16737.
Hemati, M. A., Hasanlou, M., Mahdianpari, M., & Mohammadimanesh, F. (2021). A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Earth Monitoring. Remote. Sens., 13, 2869.
Hua, F., Wang, L., Fisher, B., Zheng, X., Wang, X., Yu, D. W., Tang, Y., Zhu, J., & Wilcove, D. S. (2018). Tree plantations displacing native forests: The nature and drivers of apparent forest recovery on former croplands in Southwestern China from 2000 to 2015. Biological Conservation.
Pfeifer, M., Kor, L., Nilus, R., Turner, E. C., Cusack, J. J., Lysenko, I. V., Khoo, M., Chey, V. K., Chung, A. Y., & Ewers, R. M. (2016). Mapping the structure of Borneo's tropical forests across a degradation gradient. Remote Sensing of Environment, 176, 84-97.
Perring, M. P., De Frenne, P., Baeten, L., Maes, S. L., Depauw, L., Blondeel, H., Carón, M. M., & Verheyen, K. (2016). Global environmental change effects on ecosystems: the importance of land?use legacies. Global Change Biology, 22.
Tolentino, P. J., NAVIDAD, J. R., ANGELES, M. D., FERNANDEZ, D. A., Villanueva, E. L., Obeña, R. D., Inocencio E., & Buot, J. (2020). Review: Biodiversity of forests over limestone in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Philippines. Biodiversitas, 21.
Uning, R., Latif, M., Othman, M., Juneng, L., Hanif, N. M., Nadzir, M. S., Maulud, K. N., Jaafar, W. S., Said, N. F., Ahamad, F., & Takriff, M. S. (2020). A Review of Southeast Asian Oil Palm and Its CO2 Fluxes. Sustainability.
Utusan Malaysia. (2017). Pasukan Khas Pantau Aktiviti Pertanian Di Lojing, 22 Oktober 2017.
Yong, C., Sacces, N., & Jkoasm, N. (2014). Deforestation drivers and human rights in Malaysia. A national overview and two sub-regional case studies. International Workshop on Deforestation Drivers and the Rights of Forest Peoples, held in Palangka Raya, Indonesia. 25:132-137.
