International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Exploring Teenage Awareness of Social Media Fraud in Malaysia

Open access
Social media platforms have become integral to modern communication, allowing individuals to connect with loved ones and stay abreast of trends. However, recent studies have uncovered the prevalence of fraud within today's social media landscape, highlighting it as a global issue. This research aims to explore into the perceptions of Malaysian teenagers regarding social media fraud. The primary objective of this study is to explore the experiences of Malaysian teenagers in relation to social media fraud, with a focus on identifying the psychological aspects of both teenagers and fraudsters involved. Furthermore, the research seeks to develop effective strategies to reduce and prevent social media fraud among teenagers in Malaysia, while also providing practical recommendations and raising awareness among this demographic. A comprehensive quantitative online survey questionnaire was administered to 385 teenage respondents in Malaysia. The collected data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistical Package, and an ANOVA test was employed to verify the research hypotheses. The results revealed compelling evidence supporting the hypotheses put forth in this study. Firstly, the analysis indicated that sharing personal information on social media significantly increases the likelihood of teenagers falling victim to fraud (p-value = 0.013). Furthermore, a strong correlation was established between increased social media usage and heightened risk of fraudulent activities (p-value = 0.049), underlining the statistical significance of this relationship. Lastly, the study demonstrated that social media platforms can be exploited as tools for perpetrating fraud (p-value = 0.017), solidifying this assertion with rigorous statistical support. Additionally, the majority of respondents strongly agreed that avoiding suspicious links or websites on social media could effectively reduce the incidence of fraud.

Ahmad, R. (2017). Teacher Guidance and Counseling Efforts to Prevent Cheating Behavior. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference for Science Educators and Teachers (ICSET 2017) (p. 118). https://doi.org/10.2991/icset-17.2017.126
Allison, G., & Hiwot, H. (2018, August 16). What we learned about media literacy by teaching high school students fact-checking. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/tech-tools/2018/what-we-learned-about-media-literacy-by-teaching-high-school-students-fact-checking/
Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, and crowding.
Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2020, April 19). Personal information and privacy. Cyber.gov.au. https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/advice/personal-information-and-privacy
Awati, R. (2021, August 5). Cyberstalking. Search Security. https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/cyberstalking
Axel. (2019, September 10). How To Protect Your Personal Information On Social Media. Medium. https://medium.com/@AxelUnlimited/how-to-protect-your-personal-information-on-social-media-c3aa6242f1cf
Bhandari, P. (2021, December 8). An introduction to quantitative research. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/
Bhat, A. (2021, December 17). Qualitative Research: Definition, Types, Methods and Examples. QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-research-methods/
Bridget, S. (2020, October 21). Scams that start on social media. Consumer Information. https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/blog/2020/10/scams-start-social-media
Brush, K., Rosencrance, L., & Cobb, M. (2019, December 23). Cybercrime. Search Security. https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/cybercrime
Button, M., Nicholls, C. M., Kerr, J., & Owen, R. (2014). Online frauds: Learning from victims why they fall for these scams. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(3), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865814521224
Caroline, H. (2020, October 29). Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Surveys. Cvent Blog. https://www.cvent.com/sg/blog/events/advantages-disadvantages-online-surveys
Chen, J. (2021, July 6). Fraud. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fraud.asp
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589
Common Sense Media. (2019). What is media literacy, and why is it important? https://www.commonsensemedia.org/news-and-media-literacy/what-is-media-literacy-and-why-is-it-important
Consumers International. (2019, May). Social media scams: May 2019 Understanding the consumer experience to create a safer digital world.
https://www.consumersinternational.org/media/293343/social-media-scams-final-245.pdf
Commission Factory. (2023, May 8). Malaysia Social Media Statistics and Facts 2023. Commission Factory Blog. https://blog.commissionfactory.com/affiliate-marketing/malaysia-social-media-statistics#:~:text=7-,Social%20Media%20Users%20by%20Age,24%20age%20range%20at%2022%25.
Cauffman, E. (2019). Studying the connection between the maturity of judgment in adolescents and their legal accountability. University Communications. Retrieved from https://news.uci.edu/2009/10/12/studying-teens-emotional-maturity-gap/
Dan, R. (2020, October 22). Social Media Identity Theft: How to Protect Yourself. Norton Life Lock. https://www.lifelock.com/learn/internet-security/social-media-behavior-leads-identity-theft
Di Girolamo, R. (2020, February 20). Never Click and Tell: Staying Safe on Social Media. Connected. https://community.connection.com/never-click-and-tell-staying-safe-on-social-media/
Drolet, M. (2019, September 9). Top Social Media Scams And How To Avoid Them. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/09/09/top-social-media-scams-and-how-to-avoid-them/?sh=5884d9f1873d
Emma, F. (2020, October 21). Scams starting on social media proliferate in early 2020. Federal Trade Commission.
https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/blogs/data-spotlight/2020/10/scams-starting-social-media-proliferate-early-2020
Erik. (2019, February 27). Women Love To Be Wanted & Desired. Skill Of Attraction. http://www.skillofattraction.com/women-love-to-be-wanted-desired/
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2021, October 5). Cyber Crime. Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/cyber
Felson, M., & Cohen, L. E. (1980). Human ecology and crime: A routine activity approach. Human Ecology, 8(4), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01561001
Fleetwood, D. (2021, January 22). Simple Random Sampling: Definition and Examples. QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/simple-random-sampling/
Fleetwood, D. (2021, June 22). Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples. QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/
GCF Global. (2020). Digital Media Literacy: What is Clickbait? GCFGlobal.Org. https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/digital-media-literacy/what-is-clickbait/1/
George, T. (2022, January 4). An introduction to mixed methods research. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/mixed-methods-research/
Gordon, S. (2021, August 17). Cyberstalking: Prevention, Consequences, and Coping. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cyberstalking-5181466
Government of New South Wales. (2011). Routine activity theory crime prevention. Crime Prevention NSW.
http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/Documents/routine_activity_factsheet_nov2014.pdf
Griffiths, C. (2023, October 2). The Latest 2023 Cyber Crime Statistics (updated October 2023). Aag-it.com. https://aag-it.com/the-latest-cyber-crime-statistics/
Help Net Security (2019, February 26). Social media-enabled cybercrime is generating $3.25 billion a year. Help Net Security.
https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2019/02/27/social-media-enabled-cybercrime/
Hertfordshire Constabulary. (2021). Social media fraud.
https://www.herts.police.uk/Information-and-services/Advice/Crime-prevention/Protect-your-money/Social-media-fraud
Hertfordshire Constabulary. (n.d.). Social media fraud.
https://www.herts.police.uk/Information-and-services/Advice/Crime-prevention/Protect-your-money/Social-media-fraud#:%7E:text=Fraudsters%20use%20social%20media%20sites,access%20bank%20accounts%20and%20cards.
Hudson, M. (2020, June 23). What Is Social Media? The Balance Small Business. https://www.thebalancesmb.com/what-is-social-media-2890301
IBM. (2014). What’s new in IBM SPSS Statistics 28. IBM Corporation.
https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/DKA95AXM
Jordan, M. (2021, August 26). What is Regression Analysis and Why Should I Use It? | Alchemer Blog. Alchemer. https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/regression-analysis/
Jordan. (2021, November 16). 5 Common Scams Targeting Teens and Young Adults 2021. https://socialcatfish.com/scamfish/5-common-scams-targeting-teens-and-young-adults-2021/
Jtrout. (2021, July 9). Identity Theft and Social Media: What you Need to Know. Retirement Living. https://www.retirementliving.com/identity-theft-and-social-media
Kaspersky. (2021, April 26). What is a security breach? Www.Kaspersky.Com. https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/what-is-a-security-breach
Kaspersky. (2021, July 5). Tips on how to protect yourself against cybercrime. Www.Kaspersky.Com. https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/what-is-cybercrime
Laura, B. (2019, February 26). Cybercriminals raking in over $3bn a year from social media crime | University of Surrey. University of Surrey.
https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/cybercriminals-raking-over-3bn-year-social-media-crime
Lavrakas, P. (2008). Convenience Sampling. Encyclopaedia of Survey Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n105
LeCompte, M. D. (2000). Analysing Qualitative Data. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_5
Lewis, K. (2019). How Social Media Networks Facilitate Identity Theft and Fraud. Entrepreneur Organization. https://www.eonetwork.org/octane-magazine/special-features/social-media-networks-facilitate-identity-theft-fraud
Longley, R. (2020, January 17). What is Fraud? Definition and Examples. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/fraud-definition-and-examples-4175237
Lucid. (2021, October 21). What Is a Questionnaire | Types of Questionnaires in Research. https://luc.id/blog/what-is-a-questionnaire/
Lun, C. W., Idrus, S. Z. S., Ali, W. N. A. W., Ishak, N. A., Mustafa, W. A., Jamlos, M. A., & Wahab, M. H. A. (2020). The Development of an Interactive Animation to Prevent Social Media Fraud. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1529. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/3/032081
Lutkevich, B., & Wigmore, I. (2021, September 1). Social media. WhatIs.Com. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/social-media
Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., Duggan, M., Smith, A., & Beaton, M. (2020, August 17). Teens, Social Media, and Privacy. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/#:%7E:text=good%20about%20themselves.-,Teens%20are%20sharing%20more%20information%20about%20themselves%20on%20social%20media,as%20changing%20norms%20around%20sharing.
Mahmutovic, J. (2021, September 1). 12 Advantages of Online Surveys (and 4 Disadvantages). SurveyLegend. https://www.surveylegend.com/online-survey/advantages-of-online-surveys/
Manes, Y. (2019, February 5). 16 real women reveal why they cheated on their partners. Insider. https://www.insider.com/why-do-women-cheat-2018-1
Martins, A. (2019, August 26). Cybercriminals Use Social Media for Fraud. Business News Daily. https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/15269-cybercriminals-social-media-fraud.html
Maryani, E., Rahmawan, D., Garnesia, I., & Ratmita, R. A. (2020). Management and Psychological Aspect: Teenagers’ Awareness of Privacy in Social Media. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v5i2.429
McAfee. (2014). How Cybercriminals Target Social Media Accounts | McAfee. https://www.mcafee.com/enterprise/en-us/security-awareness/cy
McLaughlin, E.C. & Stedman, C. Industry Editor. (2022). (This was last updated in February 2022). Definition of data collection. TechTarget.
https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/data-collection
McMurtry, R. R. and Curling, A. (2008). Ontario, Ontario. Cabinet Office, Ontario. Ministry of Children and Youth Services, & Ontario. Review of the Roots of Youth Violence. The Review of the Roots of Youth Violence [E-book]. Service Ontario Publications.
MediaSmarts. (2017, January 19). Media Literacy Fundamentals
https://mediasmarts.ca/digital-media-literacy/general-information/digital-media-literacy-fundamentals/media-literacy-fundamentals
Michel, M. C. K., & King, M. C. (2019). Cyber Influence of Human Behavior: Personal and National Security, Privacy, and Fraud Awareness to Prevent Harm. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS).
https://doi.org/10.1109/istas48451.2019.8938009
Mohamed Basyir, & Hana Naz Harun. (2022, September 26). Online scam cases increasing in Malaysia. The New Straits Times, Malaysia.
https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/834531/online-scam-cases-increasing-malaysia
Nee, J. (2019, November 27). Why Social Media Companies Should Ban Clickbait. UCSD Guardian. https://ucsdguardian.org/2019/11/26/social-media-companies-ban-clickbait/
O’Loughlin, E. (2020, March 27). Identity Theft and Social Media: How Are They Related? Security Intelligence. https://securityintelligence.com/identity-theft-and-social-media-how-are-they-related/
Oghazi, P., Schultheiss, R., Chirumalla, K., Kalmer, N. P., & Rad, F. F. (2020). User self-disclosure on social network sites: A cross-cultural study on Facebook’s privacy concepts. Journal of Business Research, 112, 531-540. https://doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.006
Panda security. (2020, October 13). 10 Social Media Scams and How to Spot Them. Panda Security Media center. https://www.pandasecurity.com/en/mediacenter/panda-security/social-media-scams/
Petters, J. (2020, September 29). Data Privacy Guide: Definitions, Explanations, and Legislation | Varonis. Inside Out Security. https://www.varonis.com/blog/data-privacy/
Pietkiewicz, M., & Treder, M. (2018). Cyberstalking in social media – Polish view. Journal of Modern Science, 38(3), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.13166/jms/99217
Preston, V. (2009). Questionnaire Survey - an overview Science Direct Topics. Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/questionnaire-survey
QuestionPro. (n.d.). Survey research: Definition, Examples, and Methods. https://www.questionpro.com/article/survey-research.html
Rawat, A. S. (2021, March 21). What is Descriptive Analysis? - Types and Advantages | Analytics Steps. https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/overview-descriptive-analysis
Richard, F. T. (1996, May 28). Social Basis of Human Behavior: Greed. WSU. https://public.wsu.edu/%7Etaflinge/socgreed.html
Robertson, J., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2020). The importance of consulting children and young people about data literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 12(3), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2020-12-3-6
Samarati, M. (2016, September 8). 7 types of social media account fraud. IT Governance USA Blog. https://www.itgovernanceusa.com/blog/7-types-of-social-media-account-fraud
Shannon, F. (2021, August 20). Teens falling prey to online scams faster than seniors. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2021/08/19/teens-falling-prey-to-online-scams-faster-than-seniors
Shikati, C. (2018, May 26). Ways social media has changed our society - What it Takes. Medium. https://medium.com/w-i-t/ways-social-media-has-changed-our-society-38fd4d3e5ce8
Singh N, D., & Guruprasad, D. N. (2019). Impact of Social Media on Youth. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3506607
Siraj, R., Najam, B., & Ghazal, S. (2021). Sensation seeking, peer influence, and risk-taking behavior among adolescents. Institute of Applied Psychology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/lc7504/Downloads/Sensation_Seeking_Peer_Influence_and_Risk-Taking_B.pdf
Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018, March 1). Social Media Use in 2018. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/
Supedium. (2020, November 6). What’s Social Media and How It Works? https://supedium.com/improvements-and-learning/whats-social-media-and-how-it-works/
SurveyMonkey. (2021). Using Social Media Surveys & Questionnaires.
https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/social-media-surveys/
Tham, D. (2023, February 8). In Singapore, S$661 million lost to scams in 2022, with young adults most likely to fall victim: SPF. Channel News Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/police-scam-cybercrime-statistics-young-adults-2022-3262141
The California Aggie. (2018, October 31). Clickbait: Fake news on social media. https://theaggie.org/2018/10/30/clickbait-fake-news-on-social-media/
The Sun Daily. (2023, June 9). Who is to blame for online fraud? The Sun Daily. https://www.thesundaily.my/local/who-is-to-blame-for-online-fraud-FI11081545
Tilley, N. (2011). Crime Prevention. Willan Publishing (UK).
Tomaszek, K. (2012). Stalker – psychological characteristics of perpetrators of crimes “persistent harassment,” Studies in Psychology at KUL, 18, 135-156. https://www.kul.pl/files/55/Stud_psych_18-2012_Tomaszek.pdf
Trepte, S., & Reinecke, L. (Eds.). (2011). Privacy Online: Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21521-6
Tulane University. (2020). Social Media Privacy Issues for 2020: Threats & Risks. https://sopa.tulane.edu/blog/key-social-media-privacy-issues-2020
Turner, D. P. (2020). Sampling Methods in Research Design. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 60(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13707
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2018, September 26). Internet and Social Media Fraud | Investor.gov.
https://www.investor.gov/protect-your-investments/fraud/types-fraud/internet-and-social-media-fraud
United States Attorney General. (2018). Can You Tell Real Social Media Posts From “Click Bait” Scams? Stop Fraud Colorado. https://stopfraudcolorado.gov/fraud-center/digital-fraud/click-bait-scams.html
University of Southern California (2021). Research Guides: Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Quantitative Methods. USC Library.
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/quantitative
University of Southern Indiana Web Services. (2019). What Is Fraud? - University of Southern Indiana.https://www.usi.edu/internalaudit/what-is-fraud/#:%7E:text=Fraud%20is%20a%20deliberate%20act,and%20relied%20upon%20by%20others.
Wang, Congxi. (2018). Online News Coverage about Fraud and Self-Defensive Behavior in China. Rochester Institute of Technology.
https://www.scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/9764/
Westin, A. F. (1967). Privacy And Freedom. Scholarly Commons, 25(20).
https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol25/iss1/20/
World Health Organization. (2019, July 18). Adolescent health.
https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/adolescent-health
Wickert, C. (2020, December 6). Routine Activity Theory (RAT). SozTheo. https://soztheo.de/theories-of-crime/rational-choice/routine-activity-theory-rat/?lang=en
Wikström, P. O. H. (2009). Routine Activity Theories. Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0010
Williams, L. (2021, October 7). What is Cybercrime? Types, Tools, Examples. Guru99. https://www.guru99.com/cybercrime-types-tools-examples.html
Winston & Strawn. (2021). What is the Definition of Online Privacy? | Winston & Strawn Legal Glossary. https://www.winston.com/en/legal-glossary/online-privacy.html
YLAI Network. (2019, July 8). The Importance of Media Literacy | YLAI Network. Young Leaders of the Americas Initiative. https://ylai.state.gov/importance-media-literacy/
Zhang, C., & Clough, P. D. (2020). Investigating clickbait in Chinese social media: A study of WeChat. Online Social Networks and Media, 19, 100095.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100095
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business Research Methods [E-book]. Van Haren Publishing.