Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that can occur due to various structural or functional cardiac disorders, leading to impaired ventricular function in terms of blood filling or ejection. It represents the advanced stage of cardiovascular diseases. HF is associated with a decrease in the proliferation rate of cardiac muscles and the occurrence of cardio-myocyte apoptosis (cell death). This progressive pathological process of cardio-myocyte apoptosis is linked to age-related reduction in cardiomyocyte renewal, resulting in the accumulation of intracellular waste products. Consequently, this further contributes to cardiomyocyte apoptosis, leading to increased metabolic demand and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. Unfortunately, this condition is irreversible, and there is currently no known medical intervention that can cure HF. However, individuals with chronic heart failure have several strategies and options available to them to actively manage their condition. Engaging in physical activity is considered one of the most effective non-pharmacological approaches. Thus, this review presents an extensive and thorough examination of the exercise guidelines recommended for individuals with chronic heart failure. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of exercise on heart functions, offering detailed explanations of the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the review briefly discusses the potential risks associated with exercise in individuals with heart failure and explores innovative exercise approaches that could be advantageous for this specific population.
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