The adequacy of sanitary facilities is a critical issue in a girl’s life. Studies have shown that most aspects of a girl’s life are affected by lack of sanitary facilities thus lowering the girl’s esteem and confidence. The study sought to establish the level of adequacy of sanitary facilities for girls in primary education in Nakuru Municipality in Nakuru County, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used as the preferred research design. The study targeted the 59 public primary schools in Nakuru Municipality comprising of 1100 girls, 59 Head teachers and 271 female teachers. Simple random sampling was used to select the 18 Schools and purposive sampling to get a sample size of 428 respondents comprising of 330 girls and 80 female Teachers. The Main research instruments used in this study were questionnaires, interview schedules and an observation check list. Piloting was done in two schools which were not included in the sample. The findings would be useful in establishing the level of adequacy of sanitary facilities. The study found out that although the primary schools in Nakuru municipality own variety of sanitation facilities they are highly inadequate and greatly affect girls’ participation in education. Most of the schools cannot cater for the high number of pupils and the few available are old or below the recommended and acceptable standards. School administrations need to prioritize the aspect of sanitation and hygiene. Proper legislation by the government officers and introduction of penalties to defaulters is vital. Offering incentives and rewards to pupils, teachers and head teachers for keeping good sanitation will also help in maintaining high standard of adequacy, in addition to building new and modern sanitary facilities.
Aid link (2011).Kenya – Sanitary Towel Revolution Third world development through
Partnership. Annual Report.
AMREF (2009) school health intervention, Kibera programme. Personal Hygiene and
Sanitation Education (PHASE),
Burrows, A. and Johnson, S. (2005). ‘Girls’ experiences of menarche and menstruation.’ . . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 23 (3), pp. 235-249. Christian Science
Monitor. (May 4, 2005). http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0504/p11s03-
FAWE Uganda (2003).Creating opportunities for girls’ participation in education in Uganda.
Presentation at Transforming Spaces: Girlhood, Action and Power Conference,
Montreal, November 2003.
FAWE Uganda (2004).Sexual maturation in relation to education of girls in
Uganda: documenting good practices in girls’ education. Unpublished report.
Kampala:
Fitzgerald, M. A. (2002). Throwing the stick forward: the impact of war on Southern
Sudanese Women. Nairobi: UNIFEM & UNICEF (African Women for Peace
Series).
Gacheiya, R.M. and Mutua,B.M. (2008) Implementation of urine-diversion dry toilets in
schools in Nakuru, Kenya
GAPS & FAWE-Uganda (1999).Gender and primary school. Kampala: FAWE U. Global
Campaign for Education (GCE) (2003). A fair chance: attaining gender equality in
Basic Education by 2005. London: GCE.
Gay, L. R. (2002). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application.
Beverly Hill, CA: Sage Publications.
Global Grassroots (2011), Think about young girls wwwglobalgrassroots.org/young girl
Human Rights Watch. (2003). Policy paralysis: a call for action on HIV/AIDS-related human
rights abuses against women and girls in Africa. New York: Human Rights Watch. Institute of Economic Affairs. (2008). Profile of women’s socio-economic status in Kenya.
Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs.
INSTRAW (2005).Review and Appraisal of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action:
Women and education and training. Dominican Republic: United Nations
International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
Janda, J. (2004). Hygiene issues in the use of comfort kits to increase girls’ attendance in the
girl friendly school environments and unfriendly environments. Nairobi:
unpublished program Document of Sudan Basic Education Program.
JenaraNerenberg (2010) Banana-Based Pad Maker Elizabeth Scharpf Wants Rwandan
Women Educated. Period..Fast Company Magazine September 30, 2010 Edition.
Kamuli, E. and Katahore, A. R. (2003) Summary report on improving the teaching and
Management of growing up and sexual maturation in primary schools in Uganda.
KESI (2011) Training Modules for Principal for Secondary schools in Kenya: Management
and Administration. Nairobi: Government printers
Kirk, J. (2004). IRC Healing Classrooms Initiative: a follow-up study in Afghanistan. Draft
Report. Unpublished report . New York: The International Rescue Committee (IRC).
Kirk, J. (2005). The SoE/SBEP Gender Equity Support Program: an early impact assessment.
Unpublished program document of Sudan Basic Education Program. Nairobi.
Kirk, J. and Sommer, M. (2005) Menstruation and body awareness: critical issues for girls’
Education. EQUALS, (15, pp 4-5.
Kothari C.R (2007) Research methodology: Methods and techniques New Delhi New age
International limited publishers.
Lawrence, J. Kanabusa, A.and Regis, D.( 2000). A Survey of sex education in secondary
School .Horsham,UK AVERT.
Ngaroga, J.M. (2011) Revision Education for Primary Teacher Education. Nairobi: East
African Educational Publishers ltd.
Rockefeller Foundation/Quality Education for Social Transformation (QUEST) 2011
Improving the management of sexual maturation in primary schools in Kenya,
Uganda and Zimbabwe: a concept paper.
Shukla, S. (2005).Working on menstruation with girls in Mumbai, India:Vacha Women’s
Resource Centre. EQUALS, (15) p.5
Shukla, S. and Hora, N. (2004).Providing for pre-adolescent girls in India. In Insights
Education. http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed03/insights-issed03-art02.html
UNAIDS, UNFPA and UNIFEM (2004).Women and HIV/AIDS: Confronting the Crisis.
UNESCO. (2002). Education for All: is the world on track ? EFA Monitoring Report 2002.
UNESCO. (2003). Gender and Education for All: the leap for equality. Global Monitoring
Report 2003/2004. UNESCO: Paris.
UNESCO (200) Water supply and sanitation UNESCO Organ
UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO. (2003). Adolescents: Profiles in empowerment. New York &
Geneva: UNFPA, UNICEF & WHO.
UNICEF. (2006). Adolescent girls.http://www.unicef.org/adolescence/index_girls.html
UNICEF. (2005). Sanitation: the challenge. http://www.childinfo.org/areas/sanitation.
UNICEF/AET.(2002). School baseline assessment in southern Sudan. UNICEF: Nairobi.
United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education. (2004). Report to
the Human Rights Commission. Geneva: United Nations.
Vacha (2002).Balkishori: the Pre-adolescent girl. Health and education status of girls in the
age group 9-13 in municipal schools in Mumbai. Mumbai: Vacha.
Walkerdine V., Lucey H. and Melody, J. (2001).Growing up girl: psychosocial explorations
of gender and class. New York: New York University Press.
Wales report (2004) Children’s commission report. United Kingdom Government Press .
Wango, G.(2010) School Administration and Management: Quality Assurance and Standards
in Schools. Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundations.
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-
Verlag.
World Bank. (2005). Toolkit on hygiene, sanitation and water in schools. World Bank:
Washington DC. Retrieved from: www.schoolsanitation.or
Copyright: © 2014 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
