The rapid growth of Malaysian home-based franchising has been saturated in the local market and many of the franchisor starts to expand their business into international market as franchising is one of the business platforms. However, little is currently known about the antecedents of franchise expansion, especially in developing countries, thus the purpose of this paper is to address this shortage through exploring the antecedent’s factors associated with the expansion of Malaysian home-based franchisor into international market. In methodology aspect, a series of three multiple case studies via protocols discussion with Malaysian franchisor was undertaken across education and learning centre system to explore the topic and to refine the research question, therefore develop the propositions. From the findings, a few themes emerge from the qualitative investigation where by few research propositions are developed: (i) capital resources; (ii) franchisor’s brand; and (ii) proven business system in an attempt to explain the antecedent’s factors of Malaysian franchisor expansion. In brief, this study has contributed new knowledge in relation with the expansion of Malaysian franchise brand into international market and will benefit the future studies.
Alpeza, M., Erceg, A., & Peterka, S. O. (2015). Development Of Franchising In Croatia Obstacles And Policy Recommendations. Review Of Innovation And Competitiveness, 1(1), 5–24.
Baena, V. (2011). The Effect Of Corruption On Global Franchising In Emerging Markets. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 3(1), 57.
Baena, V., & Cervino, J. (2012). International Franchise Expansion Of Service Chains: Insights From The Spanish Market. The Service Industries Journal, 32 (7), 1121-1136.
Baresa, S., Ivanovic, Z., & Bogdan, S. (2017). Franchise Business As A Generator Of Development In Central Europe. Journal of Economics, 8(3), 281–293.
Berbel-Pineda, J. M., & Ramírez-Hurtado, J. M. (2012). Issues About The Internationalization Strategy Of Hotel Industry By Mean Of Franchising. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(6), 284-290.
Binh, N. B., & Terry, A. (2014). Meeting the Challenges for Franchising in Developing Countries: The Vietnamese Experience. Journal of Marketing Channels, 21(3), 210–221.
Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2010). Generalizability and transferability of meta-synthesis research findings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(2), 246–254.
Ghantous, N., & Jaolis, F. (2013). Conceptualizing Franchisee-based Brand Equity A Framework of the Sources and Outcomes of the Brand’s Added Value for Franchisees. International Business Research, 6(2), 112–125.
Gordon, A. (1962). The General And The Unique In Psychological Science. Journal of Personality, 30(3), 405–423.
Grewal, D., Iyer, G. R., Javalgi, R. R. G., & Radulovich, L. (2011). Franchise Partnership and International Expansion: A Conceptual Framework and Research Propositions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 533–557.
Hsu, L., Kaufmann, P., & Srinivasan, S. (2017). How Do Franchise Ownership Structure and Strategic Investment Emphasis Influence Stock Returns and Risks? Journal of Retailing, 93(3), 350–368.
Ishak, K. A., Chuah, F., Wei, C., & Romle, R. A. (2016). The Roles of Trust in Franchising Relationship: The Malaysian Franchisees’ Perspectives. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 24(6), 2071–2078.
Kistruck, G. M., Webb, J. W., Sutter, C. J., & Ireland, R. D. (2011). Microfranchising in Base-of-the-Pyramid Markets: Institutional Challenges and Adaptations to the Franchise Model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 503–531.
Lu, Y., Karpova, E. E., & Fiore, A. M. (2011). Factors Influencing International Fashion Retailers’ Entry Mode Choice. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 58–75.
Matarid, N. M., Sobh, O. S., & Ahmed, U. (2018). The Impact of Organizational Justice and Demographics on Faculty Retention in Bahrain. Le travail humain, (3).
Ramírez-Hurtado, J. M., Berbel-Pineda, J. M., & Palacios-Florencio, B. (2018). Study Of The Influence Of Socio-Economic Factors In The International Expansion Of Spanish Franchisors To Latin American Countries. PLoS ONE, 13(1).
School Malaysia. (2018). Early Childhood Care & Education (ECCE) in Malaysia at a Glance (for newborns to 6-year-olds) - Resources - SchoolMalaysia.com. Retrieved September 30, 2018, from
https://www.schoolmalaysia.com/resources/education_system.php
Shumba, K., Zindiye, S., & Donga, G. (2017). Challenges Faced By Franchise Entrepreneurs Operating In A Volatile Business Environment: A Case Of The Fast Food Industry In Harare, Zimbabwe. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(2-2), 436-444.
Spinelli, S., Rosenberg, R., Birley, S., & Eberhart, M. (2004). Franchising: Pathway to Wealth Creation (paperback). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sangakala, M., Ahmed, U., & Pahi, M. H. (2016). Empirical investigating on the role of supervisor support, job clarity, employee training and performance appraisal in addressing job satisfaction of nurses. International Business Management, 10(23), 5481-5486.
Thompson, M., & Stanton, J. (2010). A Framework For Implementing Retail Franchises Internatio
In-Text Citation: (Aziz, Hanafiah, Isa, & Hamid, 2019)
To Cite this Article: Aziz, N. A. A., Hanafiah, M. H., Isa, R. M., & Hamid, H. A. (2019). Factors of Malaysian Home-Grown Franchise Expansion into International Market: A Case of Education and Learning Centre. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(9), 1077–1084.
Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode