This study examined the effectiveness of Permanent Housing Reconstruction (PHR) in the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (RR) phase that had a significant effect on the socio-economic climate of affected communities (ACs). This research was based on 60 respondents from Banda Aceh and West Aceh, which was the two most tsunami affected region including beneficiaries from the local administration offices, the local NGOs and INGOs, and the local affected communities.
PHR was the only project in this phase that gave ACs a sense of ownership and legitimate participation through Komiter Perumahan Rakyat (KPR), a local housing committee selected due to its trustworthiness and transparency to monitor contractors with the assistance of INGOs. However, the findings show that PHR experienced many problems such as the lack of human capital, resources and skills in Aceh had attracted an influx of contractors from Medan Sumatra.
This issue indirectly effect the quality of the PHR depriving the ACs of good socioeconomic and livelihood sustainability due to lack of coordination and instant spending of the tsunami fund. Issues such as pattern of foreign employment caused funding to flow out of the region into other areas, depriving the local market of sustainable business activity. These obstacles eventually affected ACs’ long-term ownership of their houses. This chain of problems kept them vulnerable to disaster, which later affected their capacity building (CB) and livelihood sustainability. This paper discusses the issues, problems and challenges faced by the main stakeholders such as the beneficiaries representing ACs, local government and INGOs in PHR.
Abidin, H. Z., D. Santo, T. S. Haroen and E. Heryani. (2011) ‘Post-Tsunami Land Administration Reconstruction in Aceh: Aspects, Status and Problems.’ Survey Review 43, no. 323: 439–450. doi: 10.1179/003962611X13117748891750.
Ahmad, Dadek, T. (2013) ‘Buku Tsunami’ (unpublished manuscript,), 19.
Berke, P. R., J. Kartez and D. Wenger. (1993) ‘Recovery After Disaster: Achieving Sustainable Development, Mitigation and Equity.’ Disasters 17, no. 2: 93–109.
Brusset, E. (2004) A Ripple in Development? Long Term Perspectives on the Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Sida.
Buchanan-Smith, Margie and Paola Fabbri (2005). Links Between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response: A Review of the Debate. London: ALNAP Overseas Development Institute, November.
Burke, E. (2006) ‘Evaluation of the Linkage of Relief, Rehabilitation and Development (LRRD) Regarding Interventions in Connection with the Tsunami Disaster in December 2004: Indonesia Case Study.’ Tsunami Evaluation Coalition 111.
Burkey, Stan. (1993) People First: A Guide to Self-Reliant Participatory Rural Development. London: Zed Books.
Byrne, C. (2003) Participation by Crisis Affected Populations in Humanitarian Action: A Handbook for Practitioners, London: ALNAP, Overseas Development Institute,.
Clarke, Matthew and Suellen Murray. (2010). ‘The Voices of International NGO Staff.’ Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Lessons from Aceh, edited by M. F. Clarke, Ismet Fanany and Sue Kenny, 155–184. Hoboken: Earthscan.
Cleaver, F. (2001). ‘Institutions, Agency and the Limitations of Participatory Approaches to Development.’ In Participation: The New Tyranny?, edited by B. Cooke and U. Kothari, 33–55. London: Zed Books.
Coghlan, A. (2004). Recovery management in Australia: A community based approach. In S. Norman (Ed.). Proceedings of the New Zealand Recovery Symposium, Napier, New Zealand, July, 2004. (pp 81-91). Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Civil Defense and Emergency Management.
Hilhorst, Dorothea, Ian Christoplos and Gemma Van Der Haar. (2010) ‘Reconstruction from “Below”: A New Magic Bullet or Shooting from the Hip?’ Third World Quarterly 31, no. 7: 1107–1124.
Jim Kennedy, J. A., Elizabeth Babister and Ilan Kelman. (2008) ‘The Meaning of “Build Back Better”: Evidence from Post-Tsunami Aceh and Sri Lanka.’ Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 16, no. 1: 24–36.
Kenny, Sue. (2010) ‘Capacity Building in Indonesia: Building What Capacity?’ In Challenging Capacity Building: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Matthew Clarke and Sue Kenny, 156–184. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,.
Kenny, Sue. (2007) ‘Reconstruction in Aceh: Building whose Capacity?’ Community Development Journal 42, no. 2: 206–221. doi: 10.1093/cdj/bsi098.
Kenny, Sue. (2010) ‘Reconstruction Through Participatory Practice?’ In Post Disaster Reconstruction: Lesson from Aceh, edited by M. F. Clarke, Ismet Fanany and Sue Kenny, 79–104. Hoboken: Earthscan.
Kenny, Sue and Matthew Clarke. (2010) ‘Lessons from Aceh’. In Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Lessons from Aceh, edited by M. F. Clarke, Ismet Fanany and Sue Kenny, 227–234. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
Musa Kutty, Norhazlina Fairuz. (2018) ‘The Beneficiaries Perspective of NGOs role in Post Tsunami Reconstruction in Aceh’ PHD Thesis. University of New South Wales. Kensington, Sydney Australia.
Sadiqi, T. C. (2015) ‘Community Participation in Post-Disaster Reconstruction.’ Municipal Engineer 169, no. ME3: 184.
Steinberg, F. (2006) ‘Housing Reconstruction and Rehabilitation in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia—Rebuilding Lives.’ Habitat International 31 (2007), 150–166. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.11.002
In-Text Citation: (Kutty, 2019)
To Cite this Article: Kutty, N. F. M. (2019). Permanent Housing Reconstruction in Post Tsunami Reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia: Quality vs. Quantity. International Journal of Academic Research Business and Social Sciences, 9(6), 951–966.
Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
