Islamabad is a large informal habitat in Zanjan and it is dealing with several problems from different aspects of structure, land use, service-provision systems, and demographic, social and cultural issues. The purpose of this study is to analyze the urban crimes committed in Islamabad both from structural and spatial aspects and also to explain the facilitators for the occurrence of offences in this area. This study applies a descriptive-analytic method. To identify the spatial distribution pattern of crimes in Islamabad, graphic-based statistical models have been used including Mean Center Test and Standard Deviation Ellipse; and to identify the urban crime hot spots, the Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) and Quatric Kernel Density Estimation Interpolation Technique were used. The findings of this study reveal that the spatial distribution of the crimes under investigation in this area follows a centralized and clustered pattern. The committed crimes in this area mostly include violence and villainy, drug abuse and drug trafficking. There is also a direct relation between the population density in this area and crime rate, so that the relative population density in this area is 6 times more than the mean population density in other areas of Zanjan and the crime rate is also higher than other areas of the city to the same proportion. On the other hand, the high rate of residential land use and the lack of some other land uses needed by the citizens, have influenced the geographic distribution, type and rate of crimes as well as spatial patterns of crimes in this area.
Abasi, GH., 2009, logical distribution & settlement way of educational centers in Zanjan with using GIS (case study guidance schools in Zanjan second zone) , MA proposal , human science faculty , Zanjan.
Atlas,Randall,(1999),Environmental Design that Prevents Crime,the construction specifier,Atlas Safety&Security Design.S antamonica.
Bottoms, A E and Wiles, P (1997) Environmental criminology. In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, (eds) MMaguire, R Moranand R Reiner. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Brantingham, P and Brantingham, P., 1990, Situational Crime Prevention in Practice, Canadian Journal of Criminology Jan, pp. 17-49.
Chi pun chung, E., 2005, use of GIS in campus crime analysis: A case study of the university of Hong Kong. For the degree of master of geographic information systems at the university of Hong Kong .
Cozens P M,(2002), Viewpoint Sustainable Urban Development and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design forth British City. Towards an Effective Urban Environmentalism for the21st Century, Cities, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 129–137.
Eck, E, J and Chainey, S and Cameron, J and Leitner, M and Wilson, R., 2009, Mapping Crime: Understanding Hotspots, translation Mohsen kalantary & Maryam Shokuhi, first edition, Zanjan, Azar Kelk publicize.
Iran statistic center, house & public census, in years 1966, 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006.
Kalantari M.; Hedayati A.; Abbasi, E. 2010, The Study of The Role and Type of Land Occupancies in the Formation of Crime Hot Spots, Using GIS for Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking in Ghazvin, Police Sciences Quarterly, Eleventh Year, No. 3, PP. 1-44.
Kalantari, M and Ghezelbash, S and Jabari, K., 2009, analyzing city criminal space by using of kernel estimation model, under study Violence crimes, struggle in Zanjan, Nazm va Amniyat-e Entezami Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 80.
Kalantari, M., 2001, investigating crime geographical in Tehran city , proposal PHD course , geographical field, city planning course with guidance of Doctor Rahnamae, geographic faculty, Tehran university.
Lupton, D (1999) Dangerous places and the unpredictable stranger: constructions offear of crime. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 32(1), 1–15.
Nasar, J L and Fisher, B (1993) ‘Hot spots 'of fear and crime: a multi-method investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology13, 187–206.
Newman, O.,(1973),Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan.
Salehi, E., 2009, building role, environmental theory, in preventing rough behavior city, the publication of building & architecture new art, No.39.pp.129-130.
Sherman, L W and Gartin, P R and Buerger, M E., 1989, “Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place,” Criminology, 27(1), 27–55.
Wilson, J.Q., and G.L. Kelling, (1982), “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.” Atlantic Monthly, March, 29–38.
Copyright: © 2014 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
