Society which consists of diverse social backgrounds is vulnerable to conflicts. This causes issues like, discrimination, dispute, war, oppresion and other issues. Hence, conflict management plays an important role to control plural society. For instance, looking back through history, conflict, dispute and war usually occur in Medina as a result of differences of background and, tribal issues As the head of state, Prophet Muhammad PBUH, has promulgated The Constitution of Medina in order to manage and cater to the need of the citizens which comprise of diverse races, languages, religions, cultures and customs. The Constitution of Medina is the world's first written Constitution that successfully manages a plural society, making Medina a strong and respected country. Thus, this paper aims to identify and analyse the management of conflict in Medina. This paper uses data collection method through library research as well as in-depth interview. Meanwhile, content analysis method is used to analyse the data obtained. Findings revealed that Prophet Muhammad PBUH has successfully managed the plural society through clauses contained in The Constitution of Medina. Plural society is recognised as one nation (ummah) and it has created multiple ties for the sake of defending Medina from external threats.
Ahmad, Z. A. (1973). Piagam Nabi Muhammad SAW: Konstitusi Negara Bertulis Pertama di Dunia. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
Al-Buti, M. S. R. (1997). Fiqh Al-Sirah Jilid 2 (Terj. Mohd. Darus Sanawi ‘Ali). Shah Alam: Dewan Pustaka Fajar.
Al-Ghazaliy, M. (1997). Fiqhus Sirah: Menghayati Nilai-Nilai Riwayat Hidup Muhammad Rasulullah SAW (Terj. Abu Laila & Muhammad Tohir). Klang: Klang Book Centre.
Al-Ghazaliy, M. (1997). Fiqhus Sirah: Menghayati Nilai-Nilai Riwayat Hidup Muhammad Rasulullah SAW (Terj. Abu Laila & Muhammad Tohir). Klang: Klang Book Centre.
Al-Hamidi, M. A. (2006). Sirah Nabawiyah: Muhammad for the Global Village (Terj. Zulfakar Ali & Alimin Kuto Al-Madjid). Jakarta: Rabitha Press.
Ali, S. A. H. (1982). Muhammad Rasulullah. The Apostle of Mercy (Terj. Mohiuddin Ahmad). Lucknow, India: Academy of Islamic Research & Publications.
Al-Mubarakfuri, S. S. A. (2011). Sirah Rasulullah SAW (Terj. Mohd Darus Senawi Ali: Al-Raheeq Al-Makhtum). Selangor: Crescent News (K.L) & Kumpulan Usahawan Muslim.
Al-Siba‘ei, M. (1985). Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah (Terj. Nabhan Hussin: Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah Durus Wa‘ibar). Shah Alam: Dewan Pustaka Fajar.
An-Nadwy, A. H. A. (1983). Riwayat Hidup Rasulullah SAW (Terj. Bey Ariffin & Yunus Ali Muhdhar). Singapura: Pustaka Nasional.
Baharuddin, S. A. (Ed.) (2007). Modul Hubungan Etnik. Putrajaya: Universiti Teknologi Mara (UPENA).
Barakat, A. (1979). Muhammad and the Jews. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Bukhary, A (2009). Terjemahan Hadis Shahih Bukhari Jilid I, II, III & IV (Terj. H. Zainuddin Hamidy et al.). Kuala Lumpur: Klang Book Centre.
Che Mat, C. B. et al. (2007). Pengenalan kepada Sistem Kemasyarakatan dan Kenegaraan Islam. Shah Alam: Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA).
Embong. Z. (2016). Ta‘awun Piagam Madinah Dalam Pembangunan Komuniti Majmuk di Kawasan Rukun Tetangga Timur Laut dan Barat Daya, Pulau Pinang. Tesis Doktor Falsafah.Universiti Sains Malaysia. Tidak diterbitkan.
Furnivall, J. S. (1956). Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. New York: New York University Press.
Guillaume, A. (2004). The Life of Muhammad. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Hamidullah, M. (1968). The Muslim Conduct of the State. Lahore: Ashraf.
Hamka (Haji AbdulMalik AbdulKarim Amrullah) (1985). Tafsir Al-Azhar Juzu’ 10-11-12. Jakarta: Pustaka Panjimas.
Hussin, Z. (2003). Konsep Tasamuh Menurut Perspektif Islam dan Sejarah Penghayatannya. Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Tidak diterbitkan.
Ibrahim, A. & El-Qasimy, D. (1985). Piagam Madinah: Pandangan dan Ulasan (Terj. Abu Bakar Hamzah). Kuala Lumpur: Gelanggang Kreatif.
Ishaq, I. (1970). Sirat Rasulullah (Terj. Alfred Guillaume: TheLife of Muhammad). Lahore: Oxford University Press.
Izzuddin, (2008). Konsep Ummah dalam Piagam Madinah. Jurnal Darussalam, 7(2), 109-122.
Khairuddin, A. (2007). Konstitusi Madinah Latar Belakang dan Dampak Sosialnya. Al-Banjari, 5(9), 1-20.
Khaldun, I. (1993). Mukadimah Ibn Khaldun (Terj. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Peters, F. E. (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. New York: State University of New York Press.
Pulungan, J. S. (1993). Prinsip-Prinsip dalam Perlembagaan Madinah ditinjau dari Pandangan Al-Qur’an. Disertasi Doktor Falsafah, IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Rahman, A. (1992). Ensiklopedia Sirah, Sunah, Dakwah dan Islam Jilid 1(Terj. Zaharah Salleh: Muhammad S.A.W. Encyclopaedia of Seerah, Volume 1). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Rahman, M. S. A. (1995). Kedudukan Masyarakat Bukan Islam dalam Sejarah Pemerintahan Islam. Dlm. Pemerintahan Islam dalam Masyarakat Majmuk. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia.
Ramadhan, M. (1991). Inti sari Seerah Muhammad bin Abdullah SAW. Kuala Lumpur: A.S Noordeen.
Siddiqi, N. (1982). Muhammad Membentuk Ummah (Terj. Mustaffa Ramadhan: Muhammad the Benefactory of Humanity). Pulau Pinang: Concentr
In-Text Citation: (Embong, 2018)
To Cite this Article: Embong, Z. (2018). Conflict Management in the Constitution of Medina: An Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(12), 396–414.
Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
