Malay Sultanate letter is Jawi hand-written text that possesses the splendid and attractive illmumination. It was incumbent upon the goverment officials to send it to the other governments. This letter was authored by a palace writer as in tandem with the missions of the monarch of the kingdom. Often time, through this letter, the monarch has come to an agreement to establish a diplomatic relation. In this sense, the question that might be raised is that what ‘s interesting and the highlight of the Malay Sultanate letter that capables of establishing a diplomatic relationship between kingdoms? Through the meticulous observations upon some selected letters from Malay Sultanate, the most apparent things figured out was the arrangement of letter contents that bear the Islamic doctrine elements. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify and describe the Islamic diplomatic mechanism that was practiced by the government officials to establish diplomatic relationship with other governments. Hence, this research finding is hopefully meaningful and helpful to all political science and diplomatic relation institution reseachers in approaching the study of international relation practices in ancient governments.
Ab. Razak, A.K. (2005). Warkah-Warkah Kesultanan Melayu Lama Koleksi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia: Analisis Komponen dan Binaan Warkah. Jurnal Pengajian Melayu, 15, 183-201.
Ab. Razak, A.K. (2006). Warkah Melayu Lama. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ab. Razak, A.K., &Reniwati. (2016). Kata Sapaan Separa Rasmi dalam Masyarakat Minangkabau Di Kabupaten 50 Kota dan Daerah Rembau : Suatu Kajian Perbandingan. Jurnal Antarabangsa Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (Iman),3 (1), 63-70.
Ab. Razak, A.K., & Reniwati. (2017). Illumination and Calligraphy in Malay Letters. Jurnal Arbitrer, 4 (2), 76-85.
Ab. Razak, A.K. (2018). The Use of Seal in Early Malay Official Letters : A Personal Identity and Ethnic Culture. Jurnal Arbitrer, 5 (1), 1-7.
Adib, I. (1999). Warkah Lama Pengungkap Peradaban Bangsa. Dewan Budaya, 9, 24-25.
Afzal, I. (2000). Diplomasi Islam. Jakarta : Pustaka Al-Kautsar.
Ahmad, J.H. (2008). Sejarah dan Tamadun Bangsa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.
Ahmat, A. (2016). Antara Sejarah dan Mitos Sejarah Melayu dan Hang Tuah dalam Historiografi Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
Al-Bukh?r?. (1320 A.H). Al-?a?i?. Egypt: Al-Ma?ba ‘ah al-Khayiriyyah.
Ali, A, Siti Hajar, C.M., & Jelani, H. (2005). Tasawwur Islam dalam Kesusasteraan Melayu Tradisional. Mindef: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Alina, A., & Dzul Haimi, M.Z. (2011). “Mencari Keindahan dalam Rekabentuk warkah Melayu Nusantara”, in Seminar Antarabangsa Warisan Nusantara dan Bicara Kraft Warisan. 9th-11th December 2011. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Al-?ana, A. (1379). Subl al-Sal?m Shar? Bl?gh al-Mar?m min Adillah al-A?k?m (4th ed.) Beirut: D?r I?y?’ al-‘Arab?.
Bijan, B. (2012).Diplomacy principles: an Islamic Sufi approach–continuation. International Journal of Law and Management, 54 (6), 422-442.
Dulaurier,R. (1845). Chrestomathie Malaye, Letters et Piece Diplomatiques. Paris : Didot.
Fadhulullah, J. (1984). Perhubungan antara Kerajaan Aceh dengan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Satu tinjauan sejarah di sekitar abad ke-16 hingga abad ke-17 Masihi. Nusantara, 12, 37-58.
Gallop, A.T. (1994). Warisan Warkah Melayu. London: The British Library.
Gallop, A.T. (2018). What’s in a name? Malay seals as onomastic sources. Malay Literature, 31(1), 1-28.
Hashim, M. (2004). Pemerkasaan Tamadun Melayu Malaysia: Menghadapi Globalisasi Barat. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya dan Pusat Dialog Peradaban.
Isnariah, I., Khushairi, F., Abdul Rashid D.M.(2017). Hati Budi Melayu Dalam Warkah Melayu Lama. Jurnal Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah, 4(2), 1-16.
Keith, H., & Richard, L. (2010). The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (2nd ed). London: Routledge.
La, N. (1996). Surat-surat Kerajaan Buton dari Abad XVII-XIX (Aspek Kebahasaan dan Komponen Surat). Jurnal Filologi Melayu, 5, 93-98.
Mahfuzah, Y. (1994). Warisan Warkah Melayu. Dewan Budaya, 10, 52-53.
Mohd Jamil, M. (2011). Sejarah Hubungan Diplomasi Kerajaan Melayu: Satu Tinjauan. Jurnal IKSEP, 2, 71-90.
Mu’jizah. (2009). Iluminasi dalam surat-surat Melayu abad ke-18 dan ke-19. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Muhammad, Y. H. (1992). Pensejarahan Melayu: Kajian Tentang Tradisi Sejarah Melayu Nusantara. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka dan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Noor Suraya, A. (2008) . Perubahan Bahasa dalam Warkah Diraja Melayu: Suatu Kajian Mengenai Surat-surat kepada Gabenor dalam Tahun 1786-1794 dan 1886-1894. Masters Dissertation. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya.
Normaisarah, O. (2015). Diplomasi Nabi Muhammad Saw Dalam Dakwah Baginda Di Luar Madinah. Bangi : Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Nurjamily, W. O. (2015). Kesantunan Berbahas Indonesia dalam Lingkungan Keluarga. Jurnal Humanika, 15 (3), 1-18.
Saiful B., K. (2015, 25 Februari). Kajian Terhadap Persuratan Melayu Zaman Silam Perlu Diitingkatkan. Berita Kampus UKM. Retrieved from http://www.ukm.my/news/arkib/in
In-Text Citation: (Muhammad, 2018)
To Cite this Article: Muhammad, S. J. N. (2018). Islamic Diplomatic Mechanism in Malay Sultanate Letter. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(8), 596–607.
Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
