International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Employee’s Retention: A Case from Call Center

Open access
With the advent of big data analytics and digitization, virtual support systems are getting immensely popular in present era of generation Z. Likewise call centers are fully equipped with latest innovations in technology from old styled desktops to slim line laptops, and manpower that are ready to establish efficient customer services and put off any impediment for the promotion of organization’s products and services. In Pakistan, there are five major contributors for mobile telecommunication industry, out of which two has been merged together. Ufone is a renowned name in Pakistan and ranked top among cellular services providers. However, it is being confronted with serious issues of turnover. Present study empirically investigated the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors in employee retention at Ufone call center in Lahore, Pakistan. Data was collected through simple random sampling technique. Results reported that intrinsic motivation has positive association with employees’ retention whereas extrinsic motivation has no relationship with call center employees.
Agarwal, N. C. (1998). Reward systems: Emerging trends and issues. Canadian Psychology/Psychologiecanadienne, 39(1-2), 60.
Anis, A., Khan, M. A., &Humayoun, A. A. (2011).Impact of organizational commitment on job satisfaction and employee retention in pharmaceutical industry. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7316.
Anis, A., Nasir, A., &Safwan, N. (2011). Employee retention relationship to training and development: A compensation perspective. African journal of business management, 5(7), 2679.
Anwar, A., Nisar, Q. A., Khan, N. Z. A., & Sana, A. (2014). Talent Management: Strategic Priority of Organizations. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 9(3), 1148.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and weil?being in two work settings. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Bjørn, L. B., &Bukh, P. N. D. (1995). New Wave Manufacturing Strategies: Organizational and Human Resource Management Dimensions. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 46(3), 412-413.
Black, A. E., &Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self?determination theory perspective. Science education, 84(6), 740-756.
Cao, Z., Chen, J., & Song, Y. (2013). Does Total Rewards Reduce the Core Employees’ Turnover Intention?. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(20), 62.
ChiokFoongLoke, J. (2001). Leadership behaviours: effects on job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment. Journal of nursing management, 9(4), 191-204.
Cohen, A. (1993). Organizational Commitment and Turnover: A Met A-Analysis. Academy of management journal, 36(5), 1140-1157.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999).A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological bulletin, 125(6), 627.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.Springer Science & Business Media.
Dysvik, A., &Kuvaas, B. (2010).Exploring the relative and combined influence of mastery-approach goals and work intrinsic motivation on employee turnover intention. Personnel review, 39(5), 622-638.
Farooq, S., &Hanif, N. (2013).A Descriptive Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Factors and Their Role in Employee Retention in Banking Sector (Lahore) Pakistan. Int. Journal of Innovative and Applied Finance–IJIAF, 1(1).
Barrs, J. (2005). Factors contributed by community organizations to the motivation of teachers in rural Punjab, Pakistan, and implications for the quality of teaching. International Journal of Educational Development, 25(3), 333-348.
Fletcher, A. B. (1999). A concept analysis of motivation. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 6(4), 130.
Frazis, H., Gittleman, M., & Joyce, M. (2000). Correlates of training: An analysis using both employer and employee characteristics. ILR Review, 53(3), 443-462.
Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., &Battistelli, A. (2011). Intrinsic motivation, job autonomy and turnover intention in the Italian healthcare: The mediating role of affective commitment. Journal of Management research, 3(2), 1.
Gold, M. (2001).Breaking all the rules for recruitment and retention. Journal of Career Planning & Employment, 61(3), 6-8.
Gul, A., Akbar, S., & Jan, Z. (2012).Role of Capacity Development, Employee empowerment and Promotion on Employee Retention in the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 284.
Guthrie, J. P. (2001). High-involvement work practices, turnover, and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of management Journal, 44(1), 180-190.
Hassan, W., Razi, A., Qamar, R., Jaffir, R., &Suhail, S. (2013). The effect of training on employee retention. Global Journal of Management And Business Research, 30(6)16-20.
Hayes, B. E. (1994). How to measure empowerment. Quality Progress, 27, 41-41.
Heinen, J. S., & O'Neill, C. (2004).Managing talent to maximize performance. Employment Relations Today, 31(2), 67-82.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., &Snyderman, B. B. (2011). The motivation to work.London Transaction publishers.
Hewitt, A., & Larson, S. (2007). The direct support workforce in community supports to individuals with developmental disabilities: Issues, implications, and promising pactices. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(2), 178-187.
Irshad, M., &Afridi, F. (2007). Factors affecting employees retention: Evidence from literature. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 307-339.
Johns, G. The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of management review, 31(2), 2006, 386-408.
Khan, A. R. (2017). Parental Choice in Education: A Case from Pakistan. The University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Kumar, M. (2007).Explaining entrepreneurial success: A conceptual model. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 13(1), 57.
Kyndt, E., Dochy, F., Michielsen, M., &Moeyaert, B. (2009). Employee retention: Organisational and personal perspectives. Vocations and Learning, 2(3), 195-215.
Lo, L. Y. S., Lin, S. W., & Hsu, L. Y. (2016). Motivation for online impulse buying: A two-factor theory perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 759-772.
Lynn, M., Zinkhan, G. M., & Harris, J. (1993). Consumer tipping: A cross-country study. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 478-488.
Malhotra, N., Budhwar, P., & Prowse, P. (2007). Linking rewards to commitment: an empirical investigation of four UK call centres. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(12), 2095-2128.
Mercer, R. (2003). Mercer study raises red flags for employer pay and benefit plans. human resource department management report, 5, 8-15.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991).A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resource management review, 1(1), 61-89.
Moncarz, E., Zhao, J., & Kay, C. (2009).An exploratory study of US lodging properties' organizational practices on employee turnover and retention. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 437-458.
Nawaz, N., Jahanian, A., &Tehreem, S. (2012). Determinants of employee retention in Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). European Journal of Business and Management, 4(7), 2012.
Perrin, T. (2003). Rewards: the not-so-secret ingredient for managing talent.(Retention). HR focus, 80(1), 3-10.
Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage through people. California management review, 36(2), 9.
Prince, J. B. (2005). Career-focused employee transfer processes. Career Development International, 10(4), 293-309.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., &Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(5), 825.
Ryan, R. M., &Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Samuel, M. O., & Chipunza, C. (2009). Employee retention and turnover: Using motivational variables as a panacea. African journal of business management, 3(9), 410.
Scott, D., McMullen, T., & Royal, M. (2012).Retention of key talent and the role of rewards. World at Work Journal, 21(4), 58-70.
Scullion, H., & Collings, D. (2011). Global talent management. Routledge.
Smith, M. K. "Young people, informal education and association." The informal education homepage, 2001, 70-80.
Spence Laschinger, H. K., Leiter, M., Day, A., &Gilin, D. (2009). Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: Impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 302-311.
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242.
Trevor, C. O. (2001). Interactions among actual ease-of-movement determinants and job satisfaction in the prediction of voluntary turnover. Academy of management journal, 44(4), 621-638.
Van Winkelen, C. (2003). Inter-organizational communities of practice. WP ESEN Project.
Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., De Muynck, G. J., Haerens, L., Patall, E., & Reeve, J. (2018).Fostering personal meaning and self-relevance: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization. The Journal of Experimental Education, 86(1), 30-49.
Warsi, S., Fatima, N. and Sahibzada, A. S., (2009). Study on relationship between organizational commitment and its determinents among private sector employees of Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(3), 399- 410.
Anwar, A., Waqas, A., Shakeel, K., & Hassan, S. S. (2018). Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Employee’s Retention: A Case from Call Center. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(6).590-602.