This study aims to examine the relationship between organisational justice and organizational commitment with perceived organisational support of the Malaysian High Performance School Sports Developmental Programme (SPTS) volunteer coaches, in an organisation sponsored volunteerism at grass root sports development level. A cross-sectional correlation research mail survey was conducted. Data were analysed by using IBM SPSS statistics software and structural equation modelling with AMOS. Findings showed that interpersonal justice related positively with affective commitment but negatively with continuance commitment; while, distributive justice was only linked to normative commitment. All four dimensions of organisational justice except procedural justice were associated with perceived organisational support. Perceived organisational support relates only to normative commitment. Moreover Organisation Support Theory, under current research, is suggested to contextualise and resolve their conflicting dual roles as a teacher by contract and as a volunteer coach by assignment within the organisation. Besides, it is essential to strengthen the Sports Officers’ capabilities and abilities in volunteer sports management in order to achieve Malaysia’s aim for sports excellence. Future in-depth research is recommended for a better understanding of the subject matter.
Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organisational
settings. New York, NY: Free Press.
Andam, R. (2013). A study of organisational commitment of volunteers and employees in
physical education administrations of Iran Universities. International Journal of Sport Studies, 3(3), 236-241.
Aselage, J., & Eisenberger, R. (2003). Perceived organizational support and psychological
contracts: A theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 491–509.
Baran, B. E., Shanock, L. R., & Miller, L. R. (2011). Advancing organizational support theory into
the twenty-first century world of work. Journal of Business Psychology. Doi: 10.1007/s10869-011-9236-3
Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 67-92.
Bingham, J. B., Mitchell, B. W., Bishop, & Allen, (2013). Working for higher purpose: A
theoretical framework for commitment to organisation-sponsored causes. Human Resource Management Review, 23(2), 174-189.
Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
Brown, G., Bemmels, B., & Barclay, L. J. (2010). The importance of policy in perceptions of
organizational justice. Human Relations, 63(10), 1587-1609.
Cha, J. M., Cichy, R. F., & Kim, S. H. (2011). Commitment and volunteer-related outcomes
among private club board and committee member volunteer leaders. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35(3), 308-333.
Chan, S., & Jepsen, D. M. (2011). Workplace relationships, attitudes, and organisational justice:
A hospitality shift worker contextual perspective. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 10(2), 150-168.
Cheung, M. F. Y. (2013). The mediating role of perceived organizational support in the effects
of interpersonal and informational justice on organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 34(6), 551-572.
Clugston, M., Howell, J. P., & Dorfman, P. W. (2000). Does cultural socialization predict multiple
bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26, 530.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a
measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386–400.
Cook, K. S. (1987). Social exchange theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research design: Planning, conducting, and evaluating
quantitative and qualitative research. (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Cropanzano, R., Bowen, D. E., & Gilliland, S. W. (2007). The management of organizational
justice. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 34–48.
Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Rupp, D. E. (2001) Moral virtues, fairness
heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(2), 164–209.
Cropanzano R, & Mitchell, M. R. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review.
Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
Cuskelly, G., Taylor, T., Hoye, K., & Darcy, S. (2006). Volunteer management practices and
volunteer retention: A human resource management approach. Sport Management Review, 9, 141-163.
DeConinck, J. B., & Johnson, J. T. (2009). The effects of perceived supervisor support, perceived
organisational support, and organisational justice on turnover among salespeople. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 29(4), 333350.
Dixon, M. A., & Bruening, J. (2007). Work-family conflict in coaching I: A top-down perspective.
Journal of Sport Management, 21(3), 377-406.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D., (1986). Perceived organizational
support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), pp.500-507.
Emerson, R. M. (1972). Exchange theory, Part II: Exchange relations and networks. In J. Berger,
M. Zelditch & B. Anderson (Eds.), Sociologyical theories in progress (Vol. 2, pp. 58-87). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Ferry, M. (2014). Teachers in school sports: Between the fields of education and sport? Sport,
Education, and Society, DOI: 10.1080/13573322.2014.969228.
Ferry, M., Meckbach, J., & Larsson, H. (2013). School sport in Sweden: What is it, and how did it
come to be? Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 16(6), 805-818, DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2012.753530.
Fischer, R., & Mansell, A. (2009). Commitment across cultures: A meta-analytical approach.
Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 1339-1358.
Fletcher, D., & Scott, M. (2010). Psychological stress in sports coaches: A review of concepts,
research, and practice. Journal of Sports Science, 28, 127-137.
Fortin, M. (2008). Perspectives on organisational justice: Concept clarification, social context
integration, time and links with morality. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10(2), 93-126.
Fry, J. M., & McNeill, M. C. (2011). In the nation’s good: Physical education and school sport in
Singapore. European Physical Education Review, 7(3), 287-300, DOI: 10.1177/1356336X11416730.
Gellatly, I. R., Meyer, J. P., & Luchak, A. A. (2006). Combined effects of the three commitment
components on focal and discretionary behaviors: A test of Meyer and Herscovitch’s propositions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 331-345.
Gergen, K. J. (1969). The psychology of behavior exchange. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley. In R. Cropanzano & M. R. Mitchell (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review.
Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of
Management, 16, 399-432.
Hansen, A., Bryne, Z., & Kiersch, C. (2014). How interpersonal leadership reates to employee
engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(8), 953-972.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.
American Psychologist, 88, 306-314.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General
Psychology, 6, 307-324.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behaviour as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597-
606.
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behaviour: Its elementary forms. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
Iverson, R. D., & Buttigieg, D. M. (1999). Affective, normative, and continuous commitment: Can
the “right kind” of commitment be managed? Journal of Management Studies, 36, 307-333.
Jordan, J. S., Turner, B. A., & Pack, S. M. (2009). The influence of organizational justice on
perceived organizational support in a university recreational sports setting. International Journal of Sport Management & Marketing, 6(1), 106123.
Katz, D, & Kahn, R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organisations. New York, NY: Wiley.
Kerwin, S., Jordan, J. S., & Turner, B. A. (2015). Organisational justice and conflict: Do
perceptions of fairness influence disagreement? Sport Management Review, 18(3), 384-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jsmr.2014.10.005
Kim, S. (2009). The Impact of Met-expectation of Organisational Justice on Attitudinal and
Behaviour Outcomes of Intercollegiate Athletics Coaches. (Ph.D dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville).
Knight, C. J., Reade, I. L., Selzier, A-M., & Rodgers, W. M. (2013). Personal and situational factors
influencing coaches’ perceptions of stress. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(10), 1054-1063.
Konukman, F., Agbuga, B., Erdogan, S., Zorba, E., Demirhan, G., & Yilmaz, L. (2010). Teacher-
coach role conflict in school-based physical education in USA: A literature review and suggestions for the future. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 2, 19-24.
Kurtesis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2015).
Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, XX(X), 1-31. DOI: 10.1177/019206315575554.
Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 9(4), 370–390.
Li, A., & Cropanzano, R. (2009). Do East Asians respond more/less strongly to organizational
justice than North Americans? A meta-analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 45(5), 787-805.
Lind, E. A. (2001). Fairness heuristic theory: Justice judgments as pivotal cognition in
organizational relations. In J. Greenberg, & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organisational justice (pp. 56-88). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Lind, E. A., & Van denBos, K. (2002). When fairness works: Toward a general theory of
uncertainty management. In B. M. Staw & R. M. Kramer (Eds), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 24, pp. 181-223), Boston, MA: Elsevier.
Linton, R. (1936). The study of man. New York, NY: Appleton-Century Crofts.
Lopez-Cabarcos, M. A., Machado-Lopes-Sampaio-de Pinho, A. I., & VazquezRodriguez, P. (2015).
The influence of organizational justice and job satisfaction on organizational commitment in Portugal’s hotel industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 56(3), 258-272.
Mackintosh, C. (2014). Dismantling the school sport partnership infrastructure: Findings from a
survey of physical education and school sport practitioners. Education 3-13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education, 42(4), 432-449.
Mahony, D. F., Hums, M. A., Andrew, D. P. S., & Dittmore, S. W. (2010). Organizational justice in
sport. Sport Management Review, 13(2), 91-105.
Malinowski, B. (1932). Crime and custom in savage society. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner. In
Cropanzano R, & Mitchell, M. R. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social
exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment of work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 738-748.
Merton, R. K. (1957). The role set: Problems in sociology theory. British Journal of Sociology, 8,
106-120.
Metsä-Tokila, T. (2002). Combining competitive sports and education: How top-level sport
became part of the school system in the Soviet Union, Sweden and Finland. European Physical Education Review, 8(3), 196-206.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1984). Testing the “side bet theory” of organisational commitment:
Some methodological consideration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 372-378.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J., (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational
commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), pp.6189.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: theory, research and
application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A., (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations:
Extension and test of a three component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), pp. 538-51.
Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model.
Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326.
Meyer, J. P., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2010). Normative commitment in the workplace: A
theoretical analysis and re-conceptualisation. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 283-294.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Jackson, T. A., Mclnnis, K. J., Maltin, E. R., & Sheppard, L. (2012).
Affective, normative, and continuance commitment levels across cultures: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 225-245.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, L. J., Parfyonova, N. M. (2012). Employee commitment in context: The
nature and implications of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 1-16.
Molm, L. D. (1994). Dependence and risk: Transforming the structure of social exchange. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 57, 163-176.
Morrow, P. C. (2011). Managing organisational commitment: Insights from longitudinal
research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 18-35.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organisation linkages: The
psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Pack, S. M. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Organisational Support for
NCAA Athletic Administrators. (Ph.D dissertation, Ohio State University). Pack, S. M., Jordan, J. S., Turner, B. A., & Haines, D. (2007). Perceived organizational support and employee
satisfaction and retention. Recreational Sports Journal, 31(2), 95-106.
Paiement, C. (2007). Youth sport coaches: Factors that predict satisfaction with the coaching
experience. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(1), AxxviAxxviii.
Park, S-H., & Kim, M. (2013). Development of a hierarchical model of sport volunteers’
organisational commitment. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(1), 94-109.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Patrick, I. S. C., Mahony, D. F., & Petrosko, J. M. (2008). Distributive justice in intercollegiate
athletics: An examination of equality, revenue production, and need. Journal of Sport Management, 12, 165-183.
Phillpots, L, & Grix, J. (2014). New governance and physical education and school sport policy: A
case study of school to club links. Physical education and sport pedagogy, 19(1), 76-96. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2012.726981
Pitney, W. A., Stuart, M. E., & Parker, J. (2008). Role strain among dual position physical
educators and athletic trainers working in the high school setting. Physical Educator, 65(3), 157-168.
Pot, N., & Van Hilvoorde, I. (2013). Generalizing the effects of school sports: Comparing the
cultural contexts of school sports in the Netherlands and the USA. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 16(9), 1164-1175.
Purang, P. (2011). Organisational justice and affective commitment: The mediating role of
perceived organisational support. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 16(1), 141-156.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the
literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714.
Richards, K. A. R., Levesque-Bristol, C., & Templin, T. J. (2014). Initial validation of the
teacher/coach role conflict scale. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 18(4), 259-272.
Richards, K. A. R., & Templin, T. J. (2012). Toward a multidimensional perspective on teacher-
coach role conflict. Quest, 64(3), 164-176.
Roch, S. G., & Shanock, L. R. (2006). Organisational justice in an exchange framework: Clarifying
organisational justice distinctions. Journal of Management, 32(2), 299-322.
Rocha, C. M., & Chelladurai, P. (2011). Relationship between organizational support and
performance of college coaches: A mediational model. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(3), 301-319.
Rundle-Thiele, S., & Auld, C. (2009). Should I stay or should I go? Retention of junior sport
coaches. Annals of Leisure Research, 12(1), 1-21.
Shilbury, D., Sotiririadou, K. P., & Christine Green, B. (2008). Sport development. Systems,
policies and pathways: An introduction to the special issue. Sport Management Review, 11, 217-223.
Shore, L.M., & Shore, T. H. (1995). Perceived organizational support and organizational justice.
In R. S. Cropanzano & K. M. Kacmar (Eds.), Organizational politics, justice, and support: Managing the social climate of the workplace (pp. 149–164). Westport, CT: Quorum Books,
Somers, M. J. (2009). The combined influence of affective, continuance, and normative
commitment on employee withdrawal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 7581.
Stanley, L. J., Vandenberghe, C., Vandenberghe, R. J., & Bentein, K. (2013). Commitment profiles
and employee turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 176-187.
Thibaut, J. W., & Kelly, H. H. (1959). The Social Psychology of Group. New York, NY: Wiley.
Thibaut, J. W., Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Thorn, D. F. (2010). Perception of organisational justice, job satisfaction, and organisational
commitment in intercollegiate athletics: A study of NCAA men’s sport coaches. (Ph.D dissertation, University of Louisville). Retrieved from http://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2439&context=etd
Thorndike, E. L. (1932). The fundamentals of learning. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Thorndike, E. L. (1935). The psychology of wants, interests and attitudes. New York, NY:
Appleton.
Turner, R. H. (2001). Role theory. In J. H. Turner (Ed.), Handbook of sociological theory (pp. 233-
254). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Turner, B. A., & Chelladurai, P. (2005). Organisational and occupational commitment, intention
to leave, and perceived performance of intercollegiate coaches. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 193-211.
Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.),
Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115192). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Tyler, T. R. (1994). Psychological models of the justice motive: Antecedents of distributive and
procedural justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5).
Uehara, E. S. (1995). Reciprocity reconsidered: Gouldner’s moral norm of reciprocity and social
support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(4), 483502.
Van den Bos, K. (2001). Fairness heuristic theory: Assessing the information to which people
are reacting has a pivotal role in understanding organizational justice. In S. Gilliland, D. Steiner, & D. Skarlicki (Eds), Theoretical and cultural perspectives on organizational justice (pp. 63-84). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Van den Bos, K., & Lind, E. A. (2001). Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments.
In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 1-60). Boston, MA: Elsevier.
Vandenberghe, C., Mignonac, K., & Manvile, C. (2015). When normative commitment leads to
lower well-being and reduce performance. Human Relations, 68(5), 843-870.
Vandenberghe, C., & Panaccio, A. (2012). Perceived sacrifice and few alternatives
commitments: The motivational underpinnings of continuance commitment’s subdimensions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 59-72.
Vandenberghe, C., Bentein, K, & Panaccio, A. (2014). Affective commitment to orgnisations and
supervisors and turnover: A role theory perspective. Journl of Management, 1-28. doi: 10.1177/0149206314559779
Wang, Y-D, & Hsieh, H-H. (2013). Organisational ethical climate, perceived organizational
support, and employee silence: A cross-level investigation. Human Relations, 66(6), 783-802.
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-
item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 247-252.
Wasti, S. A. (2005), Commitment profiles: Combinations of organisational commitment forms
and job outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 290-308.
Wayne, S. J., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., Eisenberger, R, Liden, R. C, Rousseau, D. M., & Shore, L. M.
(2009). Social influences. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in organizsations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions (pp. 253-284). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis
Weiner, B. (1986). An attribution theory of motivation and emotion. New York, NY: Springer-
Verlag.
Weiner, B. (1993). On sin versus sickness: A theory of perceived responsibility and social
motivation. American Psychologist, 48, 957-965.
Westwood, R., & Everett, J. (1996). Comparative managerial values: Malaysia and the West.
Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 1(3), 3-38.
Lee, O. C., Yusof, A., Geok, S. K., & Omar, Z. (2017). Examining the Relationship between Organisational Justice and Organizational Commitment with Perceived Organisational Support of the Malaysian High Performance School Sports Developmental Programme (SPTS) Volunteer Coaches. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(14), 546-569.
Copyright: © 2017 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode