International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

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Competencies of Vocational Teacher: A Personnel Measurement Framework

Open access

Muhammad Aiman Arifin, Roziah Mohd Rasdi, Mohd Ashraff Mohd Anuar, Muhd Khaizer Omar

Pages 139-155 Received: 08 Oct, 2017 Revised: 11 Nov, 2017 Published Online: 18 Dec, 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.46886/IJARBSS/v7-i14/3659
Recently, Transforming Technical Vocational Education and Training has been strategized by the Malaysian government to meet the industry demand and future economic growth. In the context of competency-based human resources and vocational education, the purpose of this study is to identify and map competencies for effective job performance required for vocational teachers towards developing a competency model and the measurement instrument. Discussion in this study gathered through related literature review of this competency and vocational teaching profession. The proposed measurement model for vocational teacher builds on the four competency domains namely “teaching competence”, “professional competence”, “communication competence” and “personal competence”. Once the model and measurement instrument tested for robustness on the psychometrics properties, it could be a reference among HR researcher and practitioner in designing the new curricula and training for professional development. Hence, the proposed personnel measurement model in this study would differentiate from other teacher competencies and provide new insights on individual effective job performance specific for vocational teaching profession
Amiruddin, M. H., Amin, F., Yunus, N., Hisyam, M., Hashim, M., Rahim, M. B., … Rahim, A. (2015). Application of Communication Skills (CS) Among Lecturer on Vocational Teaching and Learning in Vocational College Zone Johor, Malaysia. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research, 1(4), 55–61. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijvetr.20150104.11
Aqtash, S., Robb, W. F., Hunter, L. H., Almuhtasib, M., Hamad, A., & Brownie, S. M. (2017). Self-Assessed Competence of Experienced Expatriate Nurses in a Rural and Remote Setting. SAGE Open Nursing, 3, 237796081770238. http://doi.org/10.1177/2377960817702382
Ball, D. L., Thames, M. H., Phelps, G., Loewenberg Ball, D., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content Knowledge for Teaching: What Makes It Special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389–407. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487108324554
Bartram, D., Robertson, I. T., & Callinan, M. (2008). Introduction: A Framework for Examining Organizational Effectiveness. Organizational Effectiveness: The Role of Psychology, 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696736.ch
Bharwani, S., & Talib, P. (2017). Competencies of hotel general managers: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 393–418. http://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0448
Bohne, C., Eicker, F., & Haseloff, G. (2017). Competence-based vocational education and training (VET): An approach of shaping and networking. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(1). http://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2016-0052
Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Competence and job performance. Competence and Performance, 10–39. http://doi.org/Samsung/Academico/Material Didatico MKZ/GC
Boyatzis, R. E., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Competencies in the 21st century. http://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840730
Cernusca, L., & Dima, C. (2007). Competency and Human Resource Management. Revista Da Faculdade de Ciências Humanas E Sociais, 162–171.
Cruz, J. P., Colet, P. C., Bashtawi, M. A., Mesde, J. H., & Cruz, C. P. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Cultural Capacity Scale Arabic version for nursing students. Contemporary Nurse, 53(1), 13–22. http://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2016.1255153
Cumberland, D. M., Herd, A., Alagaraja, M., & Kerrick, S. A. (2016). Assessment and Development of Global Leadership Competencies in the Workplace?: A Review of Literature, 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316645883
Diep, P. C., & Hartmann, M. (2016). Green Skills in Vocational Teacher Education – a model of pedagogical competence for a world of sustainable development. TVET@Asia, (6), 1–19. http://doi.org/10.1002/ISSN
Dubois, D., & Rothwell, W. (2004). Competency-Based or a Traditional Approach to Training? T & D, 58(4), 46.
Economic Planning Unit, & Prime Minister’s Department. (2015). Strategy Paper 9-Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training to Meet Industry Demand. Eleventh Malaysia Plan,2016-2020:Way Forward, 18. Retrieved from rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy Paper 09.pdf
Evarts. (1987). Enhancing managerial competence: the american management association competency programme. Journal of Management Development, 6(4), 7–18. http://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954864
Goldhaber, D., Perry, D., & Anthony, E. (2004). The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) Process: Who Applies and What Factors Are Associated with NBPTS Certification? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(4), 259–280. http://doi.org/10.3102/01623737026004259
Greenstein, L. (2012). Assessing 21st century skills: A guide to evaluating mastery and authentic learning. Assessing 21st Century Skills: A Guide to Evaluating Mastery and Authentic Learning. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc9&NEWS=N&AN=2012-21206-000
Grollmann, P. (2008). Professional competence as a benchmark for a European space of vocational education and training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(2/3), 138–156. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090590810861686
Gudmundsdottir, S., & Shulman, L. (1987). Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Social Studies. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 31(12), 59–70. http://doi.org/10.1080/0031383870310201
Hager, P., Gonczi, A., & Athanasou, J. (1994). General Issues about Assessment of Competence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 19(1), 3–16. http://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190101
Hoffmann, T. (1999). The meanings of competency. Journal of European Industrial Training, 23(6), 275–286. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090599910284650
Internacional Project Management Association. (2006). ICB - IPMA Competence Baseline, Version 3.0. Internacional Project Management Association.
Kamis, A., Mohamed, S., Hanapi, Z., Che Kob, C. G., & Jamaluddin, R. (2016). Fashion and clothing instrument for Malaysian fashion lecturers?: An analysis of the instructors ’ competency scale. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 3(3), 35–45.
Kleickmann, T., Richter, D., Kunter, M., Elsner, J., Besser, M., Krauss, S., & Baumert, J. (2012). Teachers’ Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The Role of Structural Differences in Teacher Education. Journal of Teacher Education, 64(1), 90–106. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487112460398
Kunter, M., Klusmann, U., Baumert, J., Richter, D., Voss, T., & Hachfeld, A. (2013). Professional Competence of Teachers: Effects on Instructional Quality and Student Development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 805–820. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0032583
Lee, M. F., & Lai, C. S. (2016). Rhetoric Value Based Model for Malaysian Special Vocational Education Secondary Schools ’ Teachers. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences2462-1951Vol. 2, No. 1Vol. 2, No. 1, 2(1), 1–6.
Mansfield, R. S. (1996). Building competency models: Approaches for HR Professionals. Human Resource Management, 35(1), 7–18. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199621)35:1<7::AID-HRM1>3.0.CO;2-2
McClelland, D. . (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. The American Psychologist, 28(1), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0038240
McLagan, P. (1980). Competency models. Training and Devepolment Journal.
Mohamad, M. M., Saud, M. S., & Ahmad, A. (2009). The Need In Training And Retraining For TVET Teachers In Malaysia. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 1, 51–58.
Moore, D. R., Cheng, M. I., Dainty, A. R. J., Moore, D. R., & Cheng, M. (2006). Competence , competency and competencies?: performance assessment in organisations. http://doi.org/10.1108/00438020210441876
Nicholson, P., Griffin, P., Gillis, S., Wu, M., & Dunning, T. (2013). Measuring nursing competencies in the operating theatre: Instrument development and psychometric analysis using Item Response Theory. Nurse Education Today, 33(9), 1088–1093. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.04.008
Oluwasola, A. J. (2014). Professional competence of technical teachers?: A factor analysis of the training needs of technical college teachers, 2(1), 22–26.
Paryono, P. (2015). Approaches to preparing TVET teachers and instructors in ASEAN member countries. TVET@Asia, (5), 1–27. Retrieved from http://www.tvet-online.asia/issue5/paryono_tvet5.pdf
Rasul, M. S., Hilmi, Z., Ashari, M., Azman, N., Amnah, R., & Rauf, A. (2015). Transforming TVET in Malaysia?: Harmonizing the Governance Structure in a Multiple Stakeholder Setting. TVET-Online.Asia, (4), 1–13.
Roberts, T. G., Dooley, K. E., Harlin, J. F., & Murphrey, T. P. (2006). Competencies and Traits of Successful Agricultural Science Teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 22(1983), 1–11.
Rothwell, W. J., & Lindholm, J. E. (1999). Competency identification, modelling and assessment in the USA. International Journal of Training and Development, 3, 90–105. http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00069
Soysouvanh, B., Khammounty, B., Virivong, S., Phoumvilay, P., Elsholz, U., & Bohlmann, T. (2013). Developing standards of vocational teacher at bachelor level in Lao PDR. TVET@Asia, (2), 1–19. Retrieved from http://www.tvet-online.asia/issue/2/soysouvanh-etal
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work?: Models for Superior Performance. In John Wiley & Sons (pp. 1–372).
Spöttl, G., & Steinbeis, B. (2016). Standards – an instrument to enhance the quality of TVET teacher training (pp. 1–16).
Suhairom, N., Musta’amal, A. H., Amin, N. F. M., & Johari, N. K. A. (2014). The Development of Competency Model and Instrument for Competency Measurement: The Research Methods. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 1300–1308. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.367
Taskinen, P. H., Steimel, J., Gräfe, L., Engell, S., Schiller, F., Engell, S., & Frey, A. (2015). A Competency Model for Process Dynamics and Control and Its Use for Test Construction at University Level A Competency Model for Process Dynamics and Control, 7930(November). http://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2015.1068074
Tognazzo, A., Gubitta, P., & Gerli, F. (2017). Fostering performance through leaders’ behavioral competencies. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(2), 295–311. http://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-07-2016-1044
Vikram Singh Chouhan & Sandeep Srivastava. (2014). Understanding Competencies and Competency Modeling ? A \nLiterature Survey. Http://Www.Iosrjournals.Org/Iosr-Jbm, 16(1), 14–22. http://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16111422
Yusof, Y., Roddin, R., & Awang, H. (2015). What Students Need, and What Teacher Did: The Impact of Teacher’s Teaching Approaches to the Development of Students’ Generic Competences. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204(November 2014), 36–44. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.107
Zulkifli, R. M. (2016). VOCATIONAL TEACHERS’ PLANNING AND PREPARATION COMPETENCIES: WHAT DO PRESERVICE TEACHERS NEED TO LEARN. Educational Research and Reviews, (August), 219.
Amiruddin, M. H., Amin, F., Yunus, N., Hisyam, M., Hashim, M., Rahim, M. B., … Rahim, A. (2015). Application of Communication Skills (CS) Among Lecturer on Vocational Teaching and Learning in Vocational College Zone Johor, Malaysia. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research, 1(4), 55–61. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijvetr.20150104.11
Aqtash, S., Robb, W. F., Hunter, L. H., Almuhtasib, M., Hamad, A., & Brownie, S. M. (2017). Self-Assessed Competence of Experienced Expatriate Nurses in a Rural and Remote Setting. SAGE Open Nursing, 3, 237796081770238. http://doi.org/10.1177/2377960817702382
Ball, D. L., Thames, M. H., Phelps, G., Loewenberg Ball, D., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content Knowledge for Teaching: What Makes It Special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389–407. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487108324554
Bartram, D., Robertson, I. T., & Callinan, M. (2008). Introduction: A Framework for Examining Organizational Effectiveness. Organizational Effectiveness: The Role of Psychology, 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696736.ch
Bharwani, S., & Talib, P. (2017). Competencies of hotel general managers: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 393–418. http://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0448
Bohne, C., Eicker, F., & Haseloff, G. (2017). Competence-based vocational education and training (VET): An approach of shaping and networking. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(1). http://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2016-0052
Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Competence and job performance. Competence and Performance, 10–39. http://doi.org/Samsung/Academico/Material Didatico MKZ/GC
Boyatzis, R. E., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Competencies in the 21st century. http://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840730
Cernusca, L., & Dima, C. (2007). Competency and Human Resource Management. Revista Da Faculdade de Ciências Humanas E Sociais, 162–171.
Cruz, J. P., Colet, P. C., Bashtawi, M. A., Mesde, J. H., & Cruz, C. P. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Cultural Capacity Scale Arabic version for nursing students. Contemporary Nurse, 53(1), 13–22. http://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2016.1255153
Cumberland, D. M., Herd, A., Alagaraja, M., & Kerrick, S. A. (2016). Assessment and Development of Global Leadership Competencies in the Workplace?: A Review of Literature, 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316645883
Diep, P. C., & Hartmann, M. (2016). Green Skills in Vocational Teacher Education – a model of pedagogical competence for a world of sustainable development. TVET@Asia, (6), 1–19. http://doi.org/10.1002/ISSN
Dubois, D., & Rothwell, W. (2004). Competency-Based or a Traditional Approach to Training? T & D, 58(4), 46.
Economic Planning Unit, & Prime Minister’s Department. (2015). Strategy Paper 9-Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training to Meet Industry Demand. Eleventh Malaysia Plan,2016-2020:Way Forward, 18. Retrieved from rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy Paper 09.pdf
Evarts. (1987). Enhancing managerial competence: the american management association competency programme. Journal of Management Development, 6(4), 7–18. http://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954864
Goldhaber, D., Perry, D., & Anthony, E. (2004). The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) Process: Who Applies and What Factors Are Associated with NBPTS Certification? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(4), 259–280. http://doi.org/10.3102/01623737026004259
Greenstein, L. (2012). Assessing 21st century skills: A guide to evaluating mastery and authentic learning. Assessing 21st Century Skills: A Guide to Evaluating Mastery and Authentic Learning. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc9&NEWS=N&AN=2012-21206-000
Grollmann, P. (2008). Professional competence as a benchmark for a European space of vocational education and training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(2/3), 138–156. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090590810861686
Gudmundsdottir, S., & Shulman, L. (1987). Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Social Studies. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 31(12), 59–70. http://doi.org/10.1080/0031383870310201
Hager, P., Gonczi, A., & Athanasou, J. (1994). General Issues about Assessment of Competence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 19(1), 3–16. http://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190101
Hoffmann, T. (1999). The meanings of competency. Journal of European Industrial Training, 23(6), 275–286. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090599910284650
Internacional Project Management Association. (2006). ICB - IPMA Competence Baseline, Version 3.0. Internacional Project Management Association.
Kamis, A., Mohamed, S., Hanapi, Z., Che Kob, C. G., & Jamaluddin, R. (2016). Fashion and clothing instrument for Malaysian fashion lecturers?: An analysis of the instructors ’ competency scale. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 3(3), 35–45.
Kleickmann, T., Richter, D., Kunter, M., Elsner, J., Besser, M., Krauss, S., & Baumert, J. (2012). Teachers’ Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The Role of Structural Differences in Teacher Education. Journal of Teacher Education, 64(1), 90–106. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487112460398
Kunter, M., Klusmann, U., Baumert, J., Richter, D., Voss, T., & Hachfeld, A. (2013). Professional Competence of Teachers: Effects on Instructional Quality and Student Development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 805–820. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0032583
Lee, M. F., & Lai, C. S. (2016). Rhetoric Value Based Model for Malaysian Special Vocational Education Secondary Schools ’ Teachers. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences2462-1951Vol. 2, No. 1Vol. 2, No. 1, 2(1), 1–6.
Mansfield, R. S. (1996). Building competency models: Approaches for HR Professionals. Human Resource Management, 35(1), 7–18. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199621)35:1<7::AID-HRM1>3.0.CO;2-2
McClelland, D. . (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. The American Psychologist, 28(1), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0038240
McLagan, P. (1980). Competency models. Training and Devepolment Journal.
Mohamad, M. M., Saud, M. S., & Ahmad, A. (2009). The Need In Training And Retraining For TVET Teachers In Malaysia. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 1, 51–58.
Moore, D. R., Cheng, M. I., Dainty, A. R. J., Moore, D. R., & Cheng, M. (2006). Competence , competency and competencies?: performance assessment in organisations. http://doi.org/10.1108/00438020210441876
Nicholson, P., Griffin, P., Gillis, S., Wu, M., & Dunning, T. (2013). Measuring nursing competencies in the operating theatre: Instrument development and psychometric analysis using Item Response Theory. Nurse Education Today, 33(9), 1088–1093. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.04.008
Oluwasola, A. J. (2014). Professional competence of technical teachers?: A factor analysis of the training needs of technical college teachers, 2(1), 22–26.
Paryono, P. (2015). Approaches to preparing TVET teachers and instructors in ASEAN member countries. TVET@Asia, (5), 1–27. Retrieved from http://www.tvet-online.asia/issue5/paryono_tvet5.pdf
Rasul, M. S., Hilmi, Z., Ashari, M., Azman, N., Amnah, R., & Rauf, A. (2015). Transforming TVET in Malaysia?: Harmonizing the Governance Structure in a Multiple Stakeholder Setting. TVET-Online.Asia, (4), 1–13.
Roberts, T. G., Dooley, K. E., Harlin, J. F., & Murphrey, T. P. (2006). Competencies and Traits of Successful Agricultural Science Teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 22(1983), 1–11.
Rothwell, W. J., & Lindholm, J. E. (1999). Competency identification, modelling and assessment in the USA. International Journal of Training and Development, 3, 90–105. http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00069
Soysouvanh, B., Khammounty, B., Virivong, S., Phoumvilay, P., Elsholz, U., & Bohlmann, T. (2013). Developing standards of vocational teacher at bachelor level in Lao PDR. TVET@Asia, (2), 1–19. Retrieved from http://www.tvet-online.asia/issue/2/soysouvanh-etal
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work?: Models for Superior Performance. In John Wiley & Sons (pp. 1–372).
Spöttl, G., & Steinbeis, B. (2016). Standards – an instrument to enhance the quality of TVET teacher training (pp. 1–16).
Suhairom, N., Musta’amal, A. H., Amin, N. F. M., & Johari, N. K. A. (2014). The Development of Competency Model and Instrument for Competency Measurement: The Research Methods. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 1300–1308. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.367
Taskinen, P. H., Steimel, J., Gräfe, L., Engell, S., Schiller, F., Engell, S., & Frey, A. (2015). A Competency Model for Process Dynamics and Control and Its Use for Test Construction at University Level A Competency Model for Process Dynamics and Control, 7930(November). http://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2015.1068074
Tognazzo, A., Gubitta, P., & Gerli, F. (2017). Fostering performance through leaders’ behavioral competencies. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(2), 295–311. http://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-07-2016-1044
Vikram Singh Chouhan & Sandeep Srivastava. (2014). Understanding Competencies and Competency Modeling ? A \nLiterature Survey. Http://Www.Iosrjournals.Org/Iosr-Jbm, 16(1), 14–22. http://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16111422
Yusof, Y., Roddin, R., & Awang, H. (2015). What Students Need, and What Teacher Did: The Impact of Teacher’s Teaching Approaches to the Development of Students’ Generic Competences. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204(November 2014), 36–44. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.107
Zulkifli, R. M. (2016). VOCATIONAL TEACHERS’ PLANNING AND PREPARATION COMPETENCIES: WHAT DO PRESERVICE TEACHERS NEED TO LEARN. Educational Research and Reviews, (August), 219.
Arifin, M. A., Rasdi, R. M., Anuar, M. A. M., & Omar, M. K. (2017). Competencies of Vocational Teacher: A Personnel Measurement Framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(14), 139-155.
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