International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Validity and Reliability of The Instrument Using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s alpha

Open access
The study was conducted to produce empirical data on the reliability and validity of the Teaching Framework for Mathematics (TF@Maths) questionnaire. A survey was conducted in one public university and one institution of teacher education in Northern Zone of Malaysia towards 436 students from the Mathematics Education. The reliability and validity of the TF@Maths questionnaire were tested with the Cronbach’s alpha and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) respectively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23. The TF@Maths questionnaire is a 7 point Likert- scale survey consisted of 86 items. The Cronbach’s alpha test conducted shows that the overall score was 0.939 indicating high reliability of the items in the instrument. For validity, EFA was then conducted with the items using principal component analysis extraction and Varimax rotation. There were 62 items retaining with the factor loadings that was above 0.4. The factor analysis shows that the TF@Maths produced six factors, namely: mathematics content knowledge, mathematical pedagogical knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, classroom management skill, mathematics disposition and quality mathematics teacher. The findings of TF@Maths will bebefit educational practitioners in designing a Teaching Mathematics Framework.
Babbie, E. R. (1990). Survey research methods Wadsworth Pub. Co Belmont, Calif, 78–82.
Chua, Y. P. (2014). Statistik Penyelidikan Lanjutan: Ujian Regresi, Analisis Faktor dan analisis Sem. Malaysia: McGraw Hill (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd.
Coakes, S. J., Steed, L. G., Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. G. (2003). Multiple response and multiple dichotomy analysis. SPSS: Analysis without Anguish: Version 11.0 for Windows, 215–224.
Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishing.
Ghazali, D., & Sufean, H. (2016). Metodologi penyelidikan dalam pendidikan: amalan dan analisis kajian. Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Gwinner, C. (2006). Infosurv white paper 5-point vs. 6-point likert scales. Infosurv Online Research Service. Retrieved November, 5, 2008.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., & Babin, B. J. (2010). RE Anderson Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall,).
Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Sage.
Maat, S. M., Zakaria, E., Nordin, N. M., & Meerah, T. S. M. (2011). Confirmatory factor analysis of the mathematics teachers’ teaching practices instrument. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(11), 2092–2096.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84.
MATHTED & SEI. (2011). Framework for Philippine Mathematics Teacher Education. Manila: SEI-DOST & MATHTED.
Noor Shah, S., Nor’ain, M. T., Zulkifley, M., Muzirah, M., & Lim, K. B. (2009). Standard Kecemerlangan Pengajaran Matematik (SET@MATH): Satu Cadangan bagi Meningkatkan Kualiti Pengajaran Guru Matematik. Tesis UPSI: Fakulti Sains & Teknologi.
Pallant, J. F. (2000). Development and validation of a scale to measure perceived control of internal states. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75(2), 308–337.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Inc.
Vagias, W. M. (2006). Likert-type scale response anchors. Clemson International Institute for Tourism & Research Development, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management. Clemson University.
Zuraidah, Z. (2014). The Effects Of Custumer-Brand Relationship Invesment On Customer Engagement. Phd Thesis, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Chan, L. L., & Idris, N. (2017). Validity and Reliability of The Instrument Using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(10), 365-374.