The role of parental and peer attachment in youth development is widely deliberated by scholars in human development. The importance of these two components cannot be denied because they are the closest components in the development of the individual youths. In this article we examined the relationship between parental and peer attachment with youth development using the 5Cs in the Positive Youth Development (PYD) Model. The 5Cs are competence, confidence, connection, character, caring & compassion. A structural equation model was tested on a sample of 677 youths at community colleges in Malaysia ranging in age from 18 to 23 years (M = 19.47, SD = 3.59). This study utilised the self-administered survey questionnaires. The result showed there was a significant relationship between both factors with PYD. Implications of the study showed parental and peer attachment were contributing factors towards positive youth development.
Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333-341.
Amodeo, M., & Collins, M. E. (2007). Using a positive youth development approach in addressing problem-oriented youth behavior. Families in society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 88(1), 75-85.
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-454.
Azizi, Y. & Halimah, M. (2010). Estim Kendiri Remaja. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Benson, M. J., McWey, L. M., & Ross, J. J. (2006). Parental attachment and peer relations in adolescence: A meta-analysis. Research in Human Development, 3(1), 33-43.
Benson, P. L., & Scales, P. C. (2011). Developmental assets. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 667–683). New York: Springer.
Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2011). The contribution of the developmental assets framework to positive youth development theory and practice. Advances In Child Development and Behavior, 41, 197-230.
Bowers, E. P., Li, Y., Kiely, M. K., Brittian, A., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2010). The five Cs model of positive youth development: A longitudinal analysis of confirmatory factor structure and measurement invariance. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(7), 720-735.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664-678.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. London: Routledge.
Bronfenbrenner U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In Husen T., Postlethwaite T. N. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 1643–1647). Oxford, England: Pergamon/Elsevier.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513-531.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723-742.
Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 98-124.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.
Damon, W. (2004). What is Positive Youth Development? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 13-24.
Damon, W. (2008). The Path to Purpose: Helping Our Children Find Their Calling in Life. New York, NY: Free Press.
Department of Statistic Malaysia (2016). Malaysian Population 2016. Retrieved, May, 4, 2016, from https://www.statistics.gov.my.
Eccles J. S. (2004). Schools, Academic Motivation, and Stage-Environment Fit. In R. M. Lerner & L. D. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 125-153). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Eccles, J.S., & Gootman, J.A. (Eds.). (2002). Community Programs to Promote Youth. Washington, DC: National Academy.
Fuligni, A. J., & Eccles, J. S. (1993). Perceived parent-child relationships and early adolescents' orientation toward peers. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 622-632.
Fuligni, A. J., Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., & Clements, P. (2001). Early adolescent peer orientation and adjustment during high school. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 28-36.
Ginwright, S., & James, T. (2002). From assets to agents of change: Social justice, organizing, and youth development. New Directions for Student Leadership, 96, 27-46.
Hamilton, S. F. (1999). A Three-Part Definition of Youth Development. (Unpublished manuscript). Cornell University College of Human Ecology, Ithaca, NY.
Hamzah, A., Krauss, S. E., Noah, S. M., Suandi, T., Juhari, R., Manap, J., Mastor, K.A., Mahmoud, A., & Kassan, H. (2007). Muslim Religiosity and Personality Assessment: Prototype for Nation Building. Serdang : Institut Pengajian Sains Sosial (IPSAS).
Hamzah, S. R. A., Suandi, T., Hamzah, A., & Tamam, E. (2014). The influence of religiosity, parental and peer attachment on hedonistic behavior among Malaysian youth. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 122, 393-397.
Hamzah, S. R. A., Suandi, T., Krauss, S. E., Hamzah, A., & Tamam, E. (2014). Youth hedonistic behaviour: moderating role of peer attachment on the effect of religiosity and worldview. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 19(4), 419-433.
Hamzah, S.R., (2005). Kemapanan Persatuan Belia dan Peranan Pemimpin Sebagai Agen Perubahan .Tesis Master, UPM (Tidak diterbitkan). Serdang, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Heck, K.E., & Subramaniam, A. (2009). Youth Development Frameworks. [Monograph]. Davis,CA: 4-H Center for Youth Development, University of California.
Holsen, I., Geldhof, J., Larsen, T., & Aardal, E. (2016). The five Cs of positive youth development in Norway: Assessment and associations with positive and negative outcomes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(5), 559-569.
Jaafar, J. L. S. (2008). Pengenalan Kepada Psikologi Kanak-Kanak dan Belia. Shah Alam: Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.
Kaniušonyt?, G., Malinauskien?, O., & Truskauskait?-Kunevi?ien?, I. (2014). Child-parent relationships and positive youth development components. Social Work, 13(1), 62-75.
Larson, R. (2006). Positive youth development, willful adolescents, and mentoring. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(6), 677-689.
Larson, R. W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170-183.
Lee, T. Y. (2006). Bonding as a positive youth development construct: Conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18(3), 483-492.
Lerner, R. M. (1992). Dialectics, developmental contextualism, and the further enhancement of theory about puberty and psychosocial development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 12(4), 366-388.
Lerner, R. M., & Castellino, D. R. (2002). Contemporary developmental theory and adolescence: Developmental systems and applied developmental science. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 122-135.
Lerner, R. M., Dowling, E. M., & Anderson, P. M. (2003). Positive youth development: Thriving as the basis of personhood and civil society. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 172-180.
Lerner, R. M., Fisher, C. B., & Weinberg, R. A. (2000). Toward a science for and of the people: Promoting civil society through the application of developmental science. Child Development, 71(1), 11-20.
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Lewin-Bizan, S., Bowers, E. P., Boyd, M. J., Mueller, M. K., Schmid, K.L, & Napolitano, C. M. (2011). Positive youth development: Processes, programs, and problematics. Journal of Youth Development, 6(3), 38-62.
Lerner, R.M., Lerner, J.V., Almerigi, J., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S. Naudeau, S.,Jeli?i?, H., Alberts, A.E., Ma, L., Smith, L.M., Bobek, D.L., Richman-Raphael, D., Simpson, I., Christiansen, E.D., & von Eye, A. (2005). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 17-71.
Lopez, A., Yoder, J. R., Brisson, D., Lechuga-Pena, S., & Jenson, J. M. (2014). Development and validation of a positive youth development measure: The Bridge-Positive Youth Development. Research on Social Work Practice, 25(6), 726-736.
Malaysian Eleventh Plan, (2015). Malaysian Eleventh Plan 2016-2020 Anchoring Growth On People. Economic Planning Unit, Putrajaya: Percetakan Nasional Berhad.
Malaysian Youth Policy, (2015). Executive Summary, Malaysian Youth Policy, Putrajaya: Policy and Strategic Planning Division, Ministry of Youth and Sports Malaysia.
Mercer, J. (2006). Understanding attachment: Parenting, child care, and emotional development. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
Noh, C. H. C., & Yusooff, F. (2011). Corak komunikasi keluarga dalam kalangan keluarga melayu di Terengganu (Patterns of family communication in malay families in Terengganu). Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, 3(2), 45-62.
O’Connor, M., Sanson, A., Hawkins, M. T., Letcher, P., Toumbourou, J. W., Smart, D., Vassallo, S., & Olsson, C. A. (2011). Predictors of positive development in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(7), 860-874.
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15(1), 1-12.
Pittman, K., Irby, M., & Ferber, T. (2001). Unfinished Business: Further Reflections on a Decade of Promoting Youth Development. In P. L. Benson, K. J. Pittman (Eds.), Trends in Youth Development: Visions, Realities and Challenges (pp. 4-50). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Rawee, A. H. (2016). Indeks Belia Malaysia: Gambaran Impak Pelaksanaan Dasar Belia Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 15, 9-16.
Rice, K. G. (1990). Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(5), 511-538.
Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003a). Youth development programs: Risk, prevention and policy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32(3), 170-182.
Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003b). What exactly is a youth development program? Answers from research and practice. Applied Developmental Science, 7(2), 94-111.
Schneider, B. H., Atkinson, L., & Tardif, C. (2001). Child–parent attachment and children's peer relations: A quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 86-100.
Schofield, G. (2002). The significance of a secure base: a psychosocial model of long?term foster care. Child & Family Social Work, 7(4), 259-272.
Silbereisen, R. K., & Lerner, R. M. (2007). Approaches to Positive Youth Development. London: Sage Publication Ltd.
Theokas, C., & Lerner, R. M. (2006). Observed ecological assets in families, schools, and neighborhoods: Conceptualization, measurement, and relations with positive and negative developmental outcomes. Applied Developmental Science, 10(2), 61-74.
Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., Meeus, W., & Dekovi?, M. (2006). Parental attachment, parental control, and early development of alcohol use: a longitudinal study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 107-116.
Weiss, R.S. (1982). Issues in The Study of Loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research And Therapy (pp. 71-80). New York: Wiley
Mohamed, N. H., Hamzah, S. R., & Samah, I. A. I. B. A. (2017). Parental and Peer Attachment and its Relationship with Positive Youth Development. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(9), 323-333.
Copyright: © 2017 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
