This study aims to investigate the moderating effects on the relationship between the attitudes and perceptions of youth religious tolerance behaviour. Typically experience affects perceptions and attitudes, and attitudes and perceptions are important components in studying the individual behaviour. A total of 500 respondents were randomly selected for this study consisted of youth aged between 15 to 24 years of ethnic Malays, Chinese and Indians. The instrument used was a questionnaire socio-religious tolerance and data were analysed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 24.0. The results showed that the experience is not a significant moderator of the relation between perception and behaviour, attitude and religious tolerance behaviour. Level of attitudes and perceptions of respondents' religious tolerance are high, but the religious tolerance behaviour is moderate. All three of these constructs are related to each other. However, attitudes have a stronger relationship with religious tolerance behaviour compared with the perception and religious tolerance behaviour. Results from this study showed attitude is more related with behaviours compared to the perception and behaviour of religious tolerance. The implications of this study showed that although the experience is an important factor in behaviour, but for the youth experience in religious tolerance is still less than the older people experience. So, the experience factor does not affect the youth.
Aarøe, L. (2012). Does Tolerance of Religion in the Public Space Depend on the Salience of the Manifestation of Religious Group Membership? Political Behavior, 34, 585–606. doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9179-4
Ab. Rahman, M. (2003). Toleransi beragama dan kepelbagaian budaya di Malaysia. In Awang, J., M. N. Omar, & M. A. Rahman (Eds.), Agama dan perpaduan kaum di Malaysia. Bangi: Fakulti Pengajian Islam Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Abd. Rahim, R. A., Ramli, M. A., Ismail, P., & Mohd Dahlal, N. H. (2011). Dialog antara agama: realiti dan prospek di Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 29(2), 91–110.
Abdul Rahman, N. F. (2011). Pemahaman Kepelbagaian Agama Asas Panduan Toleransi Agama bagi Masyarakat Muslim Malaysia. In International Conference of Islamic Civilization and Malay Identity 2011 (ICICMI2011) (pp. 79–88).
Abdul Rahman, N. F., & Mohd Khambali@Hambali, K. (2013). Religious Tolerance in Malaysia?: Problems and Challenges. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 3, 81–91.
Abu Bakar, I. (2013). The Religious Tolerance in Malaysia?: An Exposition. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 7(1), 90–97.
Adriansén, C. V. (2007). Tolerance and Religious Freedom?: The Struggle in Peru To Tolerate Multiple Cultures in Light of Principles of Religious Freedom, 775–791.
Amat Misra, M. K., & Awang, J. (2012). Persepsi Wanita Buddha dan Wanita Muslim terhadap Dialog Agama?: Kajian di Kuala Lumpur. Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 4, 131–147.
Awang, J. (2003). Toleransi agama dan perpaduan kaum: response intelek Malaysia – satu observasi ringkas. In Awang, J., Omar, M. N., & Ab. Rahman, M. (Eds.), Agama dan perpaduan kaum di Malaysia. Bangi: Fakulti Pengajian Islam Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Awang, J., & Mohamad Ramli, Y. (2011a). Kursus perbandingan agama dan hubungannya dengan sikap toleransi beragama di kalangan pelajar jabatan usuluddin dan falsafah. In Kongres Pengajaran & Pembelajaran UKM2011 (pp. 1–16).
Awang, J., & Mohamad Ramli, Y. (2011b). Social Impact of Interfaith Dialogue on Religious Toleration among Malaysian University Students. In Humanities & Social Science 2011 (HSS-2011) (pp. 332–335). Lviv, Ukraine: Polytechnic National University Institutional. Retrieved from http://ena.lp.edu.ua
Awang, Z. (2014). A Handbook on SEM: For Academicians and Practitioners. Bangi, Selangor: MPWS rich resources.
Bakker, H. (2010). Royal Patronage and Religious Tolerance The Formative Period of Gupta–V?k??aka Culture. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 20(04), 461–475. doi:10.1017/S1356186310000301
Bangs, J. D. (2010). Dutch Contributions to Religious Toleration. Church History, 79(3), 585–613. doi:10.1017/S0009640710000636
Beck, H. L. (2013). Beyond Living Together in Fragments: Muslims, Religious Diversity and Religious Identity in the Netherlands, 33(1), 111–127. doi:10.1080/13602004.2013.779069
Bendroth, M. (2007). American Congregationalism and Religious Tolerance. International Congregational Journal, 119–125.
Brostrand, H. L. (2006). Tilting at windmills: Changing attitudes towards people with disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation, 72(1), 4–9.
Brower, D. (2014). Russian Roads to Mecca?: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire, 55(3), 567–584.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Fourth Ed). Edinburgh Gate, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Department of Statistics. (2011). Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi 2010.
Dowd, R. A. (2016). Religious Diversity and Religious Tolerance?: Lessons from Nigeria. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(4), 617–644. doi:10.1177/0022002714550085
Drs Sunaryo. (2002). Psikologi untuk keperawatan. (Monica Ester, Ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedoktoran.
Ekanem, & Ekefre. (2013). Education and religious intolerance in Nigeria: The need for essencism As a philosophy. Journal of Education and Social Research, 3(2).
Fadzil, A. (2011). Religious Tolerance in Islam: Theories, Practices and Malaysia’s Experiences as a Multi Racial Society. Journal of Islam in Asia, (3), 345 – 360.
Gelb, B. D., & Longacre, T. E. (2012). Acknowledging religious diversity?: Opportunities and challenges. Business Horizons, 55, 509–518. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2012.06.001
Gieling, M., Thijs, J., & Verkuyten, M. (2010). Tolerance of Practices by Muslim Actors?: An Integrative Social-Developmental Perspective. Child Development, 81(5), 1384–1399.
Gieling, M., Thijs, J., & Verkuyten, M. (2012). Dutch Adolescents’ Tolerance of Practices by Muslim Actors: The Effect of Issue Framing. Youth & Society, 44(3), 348–365. doi:10.1177/0044118X11402366
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Robin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hamzah, I. S., Abdul Azzis, M. S., Mohd Nizah, M. A., Abu Bakar, A. R., & Daud, S. (2016). Migrasi dan ancaman keselamatan Malaysia: Analisa terhadap etnik Rohingya. In Prosiding persidangan pemantapan citra kenegaraan 4 (COSNA 4) (pp. 229–238).
Harun, S., Daud, S., Abdul Azzis, M. S., Hamzah, I. S., & Ahamed, A. B. (2016). Pemikiran pembangunan manusia neoklasik dan Islam. In Prosiding persidangan pemantapan citra kenegaraan 4 (COSNA 4) (pp. 461–472).
Hayes, B. C., McAllister, I., & Dowds, L. (2013). Integrated Schooling and Religious Tolerance in Northern Ireland. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 28(1), 67–78. doi:10.1080/13537903.2013.750837
Ismail, R. (2012). Konsep Toleransi dalam Psikologi Agama (Tinjauan Kematangan Beragama). Religi, 8(1), 1–12.
Ismail, M. Y. (2006). Buddhism in a Muslim state: Theravada practices and religious life in Kelantan. Jurnal E-Bangi, 1(1), 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2010.01323.x
Karmini, A. N. (2013). Framing Moral Panic: A Comparative Analysis of the Alvin & Vivien Sex Blog Coverage by The Star and MalaysiaKini. In Asian Media Information and Communication 2013.
Kasmo, M. A., Usman, A. H., Taha, M., Salleh, A. R., & Alias, J. (2015). Religious Tolerance in Malaysia?: A Comparative Study between the Different Religious Groups. Review of European Studies, 7(3), 184–191. doi:10.5539/res.v7n3p184
Khareng, M., & Awang, J. (2012). Cultural Socialization and Its Relation to the Attitude of Religious Tolerance among Muslim and Buddhist Students in Prince of Songkhla University. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 2, 12–22.
Khareng, M. (2011). Interaksi antara Islam dan Budha di Patani dan impaknya terhadap pembentukan sikap toleransi beragama. Tesis Master, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Lercaro, G. C. (2016). Religious Tolerance in Catholic Tradition. The Cathoic Lawyer, 7(2), 125–134.
Manap, J., Hamzah, A., Mohd Noah, S., Kasan, H., Krauss, S. E., Mastor, K. A., … Idris, F. (2013). Prinsip Pengukuran Religiositi Dan Personaliti Muslim. Journal of Psychology & Human Delelopment.
Md Yusof, N. (2006). Toleransi Beragama dan Kesesuaian Hukuman Murtad di Malaysia. Kanun, 1, 1–40.
Merino, S. M. (2010). Religious Diversity in a “ Christian Nation ”: The Effects of Theological Exclusivity and Interreligious Contact on the Acceptance of Religious Diversity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(2), 231–246.
Milligan, S., Andersen, R., & Brym, R. (2014). Assessing Variation in Tolerance in 23 Muslim-Majority and Western Countries. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 51(3), 239–261. doi:10.1111/cars.12046
Mohamed, M. N. (2014). Pengantar Psikologi Satu Pengenalan Asas kepada Jiwa dan Tingkah Laku Manusia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohd Khambali @ Hambali, K., & Mohd Haled, M. H. (2008). Toleransi Beragama Dan Amalannya di malaysia: Rujukan kepada Artikel 11 Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia. Jurnal Usuluddin, 27, 81–92.
Mohd Nor, M. R. (2011). Religious Tolerance in Malaysia?: An Overview. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 9(1), 23–27.
Mu’alim, Awang, J., & Abu Bakar, I. (2015). Toleransi Beragama dan Hubungannya dengan Amalan Pela Gandong dalam kalangan Muslim dan Kristian di Ambon. Al-Hikmah, 7(1), 3–16.
Naseri, F. (2014). Islamic Tolerance and the West?: Early Encounters and Influences, 5, 10–15.
Omar, M. K., Mat, B., & Othman, Z. (2016). Isu pelarian Rohingya dan keselamatan insan. In Prosiding persidangan pemantapan citra kenegaraan 4 (COSNA 4) (pp. 332–343).
Obiunu, J. J. (2014). Inclusive and Pluralist Approaches As Correlates of Counselling Children Towards Religious Tolerance. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(19), 19–29.
Potgieter, F. J., Van Der Walt, J. L., & Wolhuter, C. C. (2014). Towards understanding ( religious ) ( in ) tolerance in education. Theological Studies, 70(3), 1–8. doi:10.4102/hts.v70i3.1977
Ramli, M. A., & Jamaludin, M. A. (2011). ‘Uruf Majmuk: Konsep Dan Amalannya Dalam Masyarakat Majmuk Di Malaysia. Journal of Fiqh, 8, 45–64.
Rofiq, M. (2000). Toleransi kehidupan beragama di Indonesia: Pengalaman umat Islam dan Kristian. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Sadi, F. H. Al, & Basir, T. N. (2013). Religious tolerance in Oman?: addressing religious prejudice through educational intervention. British Education Research Journal, 39(3), 447–472.
Spinner-Halev, J. (2015). Hinduism, Christianity, and Liberal Reigious Toleration (Vol. 11).
Syed Mohamed, S. K. (1971). Religious Toleration in Sabah. In Seminar on Malaysia in Perspective. Victoria: Monach University, Clayton.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. Sixth Edition (Sixth Edit). USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Talib, A. T. (2010). Socio-Religious Tolerance: Malaysia as a Case Study. Tesis PhD, University of Wales Lampeter.
Talib, A. T. (2013). Kajian Toleransi Sosio-Agama di Semenanjung Malaysia. Jurnal Perpaduan.
Talib, A. T., & Ismail, M. M. (2006). Toleransi Agama: Kajian Kes di Malaysia.
Talib, A. T., & Gill, S. S. (2012). Socio-Religious Tolerance: Exploring the Malaysian Experience. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 12(8), 48–54.
Talib, A. T., Gill, S. S., Kawangit, R. M., & Kunasekaran, P. (2013). Religious Tolerance: The Key between One ASEAN One Community. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 1382–1385.
Talib, A. T., Gill, S. S, Ahmad, Z., Jawan, J. A., & Mohd Isa, N. A. (2013). Toleransi Sosio-Agama di Sabah dan Sarawak. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 83–90.
Van Der Noll, J. (2014). Religious toleration of Muslims in the German Public Sphere. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.01.001
Van Der Walt, J. L. (2016). Religious tolerance and intolerance?: “ Engravings ” on the soul. In Die Skrilig, 50(1), 1–8.
Van Tongeren, D. R., Hakim, S., Hook, J. N., Johnson, K. A., Green, J. D., Hulsey, T. L., & Davis, D. E. (2016). Toward an Understanding of Religious Tolerance: Quest Religiousness and Positive Attitudes Toward Religiously Dissimilar Others. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26(3), 212–224. doi:10.1080/10508619.2015.1039417
Wan Hassan, W. K., Muslim, N., & Alias, J. (2013). Pluralisme Agama di Malaysia: Antara Prinsip dan Toleransi. Jurnal Pengajian Umum Asia Tenggara, 14, 51–77.
Yaakub, M. T., Abdul Azzis, M. S., Mohd Nizah, M. A., Abu Bakar, A. R., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2016). Dinamika kesepaduan politik Melayu-Islam: Analisis hubungan UMNO-PAS 2010-2015. In Prosiding persidangan pemantapan citra kenegaraan 4 (COSNA 4) (pp. 302–310).
Zavala-Pelayo, E., & Góngora-Mera, M. (2016). Secularities, Diversities and Pluralities: Understanding the Challenges of Religious Diversity in Latin America. Social Inclusion, 4(2), 65. doi:10.17645/si.v4i2.487
Muda, K., Mastor, K. A., & Idris, F. (2017). Experience as Moderating Effect on the Relationship between Attitude and Perception with Behaviour of Religious Tolerance among Youths in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(6), 1023-1035.
Copyright: © 2017 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
