Business context worldwide is a matter of interest for many scholars and thus countless studies addressing this context, which obtain various findings, are made. Accordingly, the current study emphasizes on four prominent subjects regarding the psycho-social aspects of businesses, Turkish banks to be more precise: credit experts’ perceptions of their immediate managers’ transformational leadership features, their creativity, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. What is distinctive to this study is that these four subjects’ overall relationships are analyzed within an integrative model, which has not been proposed or tested before. The study furthermore contributes to the literature in terms of addressing banks that work by means of formal and sometimes informal social relationships. Findings suggest that these four concepts are positively and strongly related with each other. A perception of immediate managers’ transformational leadership is beneficial for credit experts’ creativity boost, their commitment and contentment with the work, and vice versa. Despite the lack of an exactly similar study, the current findings give support to similar conclusions in the literature.
Agarwal, R., & Prasad, P. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 204–215.
Al-Hussami, M. (2008). A study of nurses' job satisfaction: The relationship to organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and level of education. European Journal of Scientific Research, 22(2), 286–295.
Aschehoug, S., Schulte, K., & Ringen, G. (2014). Early innovation leadership. Proceedings of NordDesign, Espoo, Finland, 27-29 August 2014.
Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199–218.
Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Puja, B. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(1), 1–18.
Ayranci, E. (2011a). A study on the factors of job satisfaction among owners of small and medium-sized Turkish businesses”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(5), 87–100.
Ayranci, E. (2011b). A research on the relationship between leadership orientations and the innovativeness of owner-managers in Turkish businesses. Journal of Management and Strategy, 2(1), 48–59.
Ayranci, E., & Semercioz, F. (2011). The relationship between spiritual leadership and issues of spirituality and religiosity: A study of top Turkish managers, International Journal of Business and Management, 6(4), 136–149.
Balci, A. (1985). Job satisfaction of education managers (In Turkish). Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University, Turkey.
Baloglu, N., Karadag, E., & Gavuz, S. (2009). Effect of school principles’ multi-factor leadership styles on authority turnover: A structural equation modeling study (In Turkish). Journal of Uludag University Education Faculty, 22(2), 457–479.
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 4, 359–373.
Barbuto, J. E. (2005). Motivation and transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership: A test of antecedents. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(4), 26–40.
Barling, J., Slater, F., & Kevin Kelloway, E. (2000). Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(3), 157–161.
Bartram, T., & Casimir, G. (2007). The relationship between leadership and follower in-role performance and satisfaction with the leader: The mediating effects of empowerment and trust in the leader. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 4–19.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Bass, B. M. (1999). On the taming of charisma: A reply to Janice Beyer. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 541–553.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. (1990). Transformational leadership: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. (1995). MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, sampler set, technical report, leader form, rater form, and scoring key for MLQ form. New York: Center for Leadership Studies, Binghamton University.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full-range of leadership development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207–218.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Baycan, F. A. (1985). Analysis of some of the dimensions of job satisfaction in working groups and in different groups (In Turkish). Science expertise thesis, Bogazici University, Turkey.
Berggren, I., & Severinsson, E. (2003). Nurse supervisors' actions in relation to their decision?making style and ethical approach to clinical supervision. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(6), 615–622.
Blau, G. J. (1986). Job involvement and organizational commitment as interactive predictors of tardiness and absenteeism. Journal of Management, 12(4), 577–584.
Blenkinsopp, J. (1995). Sage, Priest, Prophet: Religious and intellectual leadership in ancient Israel. UK: Westminster John Knox Press.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554–571.
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270–283.
Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307–311.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Sleebos, D. M., & Maduro, V. (2015). Uncovering the underlying relationship between transformational leaders and followers’ task performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 13(4), 194–203.
Bryant, S. E. (2003). The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(4), 32–44.
Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative science quarterly, 19(4), 533–546.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. NY: Harper & Row.
Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D., & Allen, J. S. (1995). Further assessment of Bass’s (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 468–478.
Caridi?Zahavi, O., Carmeli, A., & Arazy, O. (2015). The influence of CEOs’ visionary innovation leadership on the performance of high?technology ventures: The mediating roles of connectivity and knowledge integration. Journal of Product Innovation Management, (Online), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpim.12275/ epdf 26.02.2017.
Carmeli, A., & Freund, A. (2004). Work commitment, job satisfaction and job performance: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 7, 289–303.
CH Chan, S., & Mak, W. M. (2014). Transformational leadership, pride in being a follower of the leader and organizational commitment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(8), 674–690.
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(1), 34–45.
Chen, C. Y., & Yang, C. F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 107–114.
Chen, X. P., Eberly, M. B., Chiang, T. J., Farh, J. L., & Cheng, B. S. (2014). Affective Trust in Chinese Leaders Linking Paternalistic Leadership to Employee Performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), 796–819.
Chi, H., Tsai, H., & Chang, P. (2007). Investigating the relationship among leadership styles, emotional intelligence and organization commitment on job performance: A study of salespeople in Thailand. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3(2), 199–212.
Cohen, A. (1993). Organizational commitment and turnover: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 1140–1157.
Colbert, A. E., Kristof-Brown, A., Bradley, B. H., & Barrick, M. R. (2008). CEO transformational leadership: The role of goal importance congruence in top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 81–96.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Cronin, L. D., Arthur, C. A., Hardy, J., & Callow, N. (2015). Transformational leadership and task cohesion in sport: The mediating role of inside sacrifice. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(1), 23–36.
Curry, J. P., Wakefield, D. S., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1986). On the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 29(4), 847–858.
Davis, T. R. V., & Luthans, F. (1979). Leadership reexamined: A behavioral approach. Academy of Management Review, 4(2), 237–248.
Dede, N. P., & Ayranci, E. (2014). Exploring the connections among spiritual leadership, altruism and trust in family businesses, Quality & Quantity, 48(6), 3373–3400.
DeGroot, T., Kiker, D. S., & Cross, T. C. (2000). A meta-analysis to review organizational outcomes related to charismatic leadership. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17, 356–371.
Deluga, R. J., & Souza, J. (2011). The effects of transformational and transactional leadership styles on the influencing behaviour of subordinate police officers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(1), 49–55.
Doyle, M. E., & Smith, M. K. (1999). Born and bred? Leadership, heart and informal education. London: YMCA George Williams College.
Dumdum, U. R., Low, K. B., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. In B. J. Avolio & F. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead (Vol. 2 of Monographs in Leadership and Management) (pp. 35-66). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: a field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 735–744.
Emery, C. R., & Barker, K. J. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 11(1), 77–90.
Engelen, A., Gupta, V., Strenger, L., & Brettel, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm performance, and the moderating role of transformational leadership behaviors. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1069–1097.
Erdem, R. (2007). The relationship between organizational culture types and organizational commitment: A study on hospitals in Elaz?? city center. (In Turkish). Journal of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 2(2), 63–79.
Eslami, J., & Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2(2), 85–91.
Fuller, J. B., Patterson, C. E. P., Hester, K., & Stringer, D. Y. (1996). A quantitative review of research on charismatic leadership. Psychological Reports, 78, 271–287.
Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary Genius. London: Macmillan.
Gautam, T., Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2004). Organizational identification and organizational commitment: Distinct aspects of two related concepts. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(3), 301–315.
Ghanbari, S., & Eskandari, A. (2014). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational innovation. International Journal of Management Perspective, 1(4), 81–94.
Gill, A. S., Flaschner, A. B., & Shachar, M. (2006). Mitigating stress and burnout by implementing transformational-leadership. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(6), 469–481.
Gillet, N., & Vandenberghe, C. (2014). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: The mediating role of job characteristics. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(3), 321–347.
Gong, Y. P., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765–778.
Gordon, R. A. (1966). Business leadership in the large corporation. CA: University of California Press.
Gul, A. G. H. (2002). A comparison and evaluation of organizational commitment approaches (In Turkish). Ege Academic Review, 2(1), 37-56.
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461–473.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job design projects. Yale University, Department of Administrative Sciences, Technical Report, no. 4.
Hmieleski, K. M., Cole, M. S., & Baron, R. A. (2012). Shared authentic leadership and new venture performance. Journal of Management, 38(5), 1476–1499.
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 891–902.
Howell, J. M., & Hall-Merenda, K. E. (1999). The ties that bind: The impact of leader-member exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 680–694.
Huber, S., & West, M. (2002). Developing school leaders: A critical review of current practices, approaches and issues and some directions for the future. In K. Leithwood & P. Hallinger (Eds.), Second International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration Part 2 (pp.1071-1099). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (1999). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hunt, J. G. (1999). Transformational/charismatic leadership's tranformation of the field: An historical essay. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 129–144.
Hurt, H. T., Joseph, K., & Cook, C. D. (1977). Scales for the measurement of innovativeness. Human Communication Research, 4(1), 58–65.
Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S., & Azeem, M. (2014). Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management Journal, 2(2), 135–144.
Ingersoll, G. L., Olsan, T., Drew-Cates, J., DeVinney, B. C., & Davies, J. (2002). Nurses’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and career intent. Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(5), 250–263.
Istanbul Beylikduzu Organize Sanayi Bolgesi (2016). Firms (In Turkish). (Online), http://www.ibosb.com/TR/firm/default.asp?mode=2&fArea=0&fCompanyName=&fJobArea=0&fSells=&fBuys=&fCaption1=1&fCaption2=2&fCaption3=3&fCaption4=0&fCaption5=0&fPage=1 26.03.2017.
Jackson, S. E., & Ruderman, M. N. (1995). Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Jamal, M., & Baba, V. V. (2000). Job stress and burnout among Canadian managers and nurses: An empirical examination. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 454–458.
Jaskyte, K. (2004). Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and innovativeness in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 15(2), 153–168.
Jaussi, K. S., & Dionne, S. D. (2003). Leading for creativity: The role of unconventional leader behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 475–498.
Jing, F. F., & Avery, G. C. (2008). Missing links in understanding the relationship between leadership and organizational performance. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 7(5), 67-78.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755–768.
Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 525–544.
Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2002). The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. In B. J. Avolio & F. J. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead (Vol. 2 of Monographs in Leadership and Management) (pp. 67–91). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 246–255.
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2002). Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 523–544.
Kennerley, M., Neely, A., & Adams, C. (2003). Survival of the fittest: measuring performance in a changing business environment. Measuring Business Excellence, 7(4), 37–43.
Kent, A., & Chelladurai, R. (2001). Perceived transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and citizenship behavior: A case study in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 135–159.
Kim, T. Y., Liu, Z., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2015). Leader–member exchange and job performance: The effects of taking charge and organizational tenure. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 216–231.
Knox, A. B. (1993). Strengthening adult and continuing education: A global perspective on synergistic leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc., Publishers.
Korkmaz, M. (2005). Effect of emotions and leadership styles on teachers’ performance (In Turkish). Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 11(3), 401–422.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2002). The leadership challenge (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., & Jonas, K. (2013). Transformational leadership and performance: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 543–555.
Kovner, C., Brewer, C., Wu, Y. W., Cheng, Y., & Suzuki, M. (2006). Factors associated with work satisfaction of registered nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(1), 71–79.
Krishnan, V. R. (2005). Transformational leadership and outcomes: Role of relationship duration. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26, 442–457.
Kuchler, W. J. (2008). Perceived leadership behavior and subordinates' job satisfaction in Midwestern NCAA Division III athletic departments. The Sport Journal, 11(2), 23–35.
Laschinger, H. K. S., Finegan, J., & Shamian, J. (2001). The impact of workplace empowerment, organizational trust on staff nurses’ work satisfaction and organizational commitment. Healthcare Management Review, 26(3), 7–23.
Lee, H. W. (2010). Relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment. Operating Management Review, 6(1), 87–95.
Lee, J. (2008). Effects of leadership and leader–member exchange on innovativeness. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(6), 670–687.
Leithwood, K., & Duke, D. (1999). A century’s quest to understanding school leadership. In J. Murphy & L. Seashore (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Administration 2nd ed. (pp. 45–73). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Liao, H., & Chuang, A. C. (2007). Transforming service employees and climate: A multilevel, multisource examination of transformational leadership in building long-term service relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1006–1019.
Linden, C. A. (1966). Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership, 1957-1964. London, UK: Johns Hopkins Press.
Liu, C. L. (2005). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan’s information technology industry. Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, USA.
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive development approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 241–258). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Madison, K., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2013). Is the spiritual bond bound by blood? An exploratory study of spiritual leadership in family firms. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 10(2), 159–182.
Marques, J. F. (2006). Awakened leadership: Ancient practice going hip. Performance Improvement, 45(7), 35–38.
Mathieu, J., & Zajac, D. (1990). A review of meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194.
Meyer, J. P., Paunonen, V., Gellatly, I. R., Goffin, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. (1989). Organizational commitment and job performance: It’s the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 152–156.
Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., Mathews, J. A., Miles, G., & Coleman, H. J. (1997). Organizing in the knowledge age: Anticipating the cellular form. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 7–24.
Mitchell, D. E. (2015). The relationship of transformational leadership behaviors with organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and productivity at One Investment Services Company in the mid-Atlantic Region. Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University, Delaware, USA.
Mumford, E. (1909). The origins of leadership. CA: University of Chicago Press.
Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 705–750.
Nguni, S., Sleegers, P., & Denessen, E. (2006). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers' job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 145–177.
Normann, R. (1991). Service management: Strategy and leadership in service business. UK: Wiley.
Odoardi, C., Montani, F., Boudrias, J. S., & Battistelli, A. (2015). Linking managerial practices and leadership style to innovative work behavior: The role of group and psychological processes. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(5), 545–569.
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607–634.
Park, H. T. (1997). Transformational and transactional leadership styles of the nurse administrators and job satisfaction, organizational commitment in nursing service. The Journal of Nurses Academic Society, 27(1), 228–241.
Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C. A., & Williams, E. S. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management, 25(6), 897–933.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603–609.
Raja, A. S., & Palanichamy, P. (2011). Leadership styles and its impact on organizational commitment. The Journal of Commerce, 3(4), 17–18.
Ramachandran, S., & Krishnan, V. (2009). Effect of transformational leadership on followers' affective and normative commitment: Culture as moderator. Great Lakes Herald, 3(1), 23–38.
Raudsepp, E., & Hough, G. P. (1977). Creative growth games. New York, NY: Jave Publications.
Ross, S. M., & Offermann, L. R. (1997). Transformational leaders: Measurement of personality attributes and work group performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(10), 1078–1086.
Ruether, R. R., & McLaughlin, E. (1979). Women of spirit: Female leadership in the Jewish and Christian traditions. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ruzaman, N. B. K., & Sakka, S. S. B. (2015). The relationship between dominant leadership behaviour of department leader and job satisfaction among lecturers in training institute. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(1), 110–115.
Sarros, J. C., Cooper, B. K., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(2), 145–158.
Schepers, J., Wetzels, M., & de Ruyter, K. (2005). Leadership styles in technology acceptance: Do followers practice what leaders preach? Managing Service Quality, 15(6), 496–508.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933–958.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organizational Science, 4, 557–594.
Shek, D. T., Law, M. Y., & Liu, T. T. (2015). Focus group evaluation of a service leadership subject in Hong Kong. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 14(4), 371–376.
Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 703–714.
Sosik, J. J., Avolio, B. J., & Kahai, S. S. 1997. Effects of leadership style and anonymity on group potency and effectiveness in a group decision support system environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 89–103.
Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). Transformational leadership and dimensions of creativity: Motivating idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 111–121.
Sosik, J. J. (2005). The role of personal values in the charismatic leadership of corporate managers: A model and preliminary field study. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 221–244.
Stewart, J. (2006). Transformational leadership: An evolving concept examined through the works of Burns, Bass, Avolio, and Leithwood. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 54, 1–29.
Stup, R. E., Hyde, J., & Holden, L. A. (2006). Relationships between selected human resource management practices and dairy farm performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(3), 1116–1120.
Su, S., Baird, K., & Blair, B. (2009). Employee organizational commitment: The influence of cultural and organizational factors in the Australian manufacturing industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20, 2494–2516.
Suliman, A., & Iles, P. (2000). Is continuance commitment beneficial to organizations? Commitment-performance relationship: A new look. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(5), 407–422.
Tanner, B. M. (2007). Analysis of the relationships among job satisfaction, organizational trust, and organizational commitment in an acute care hospital. Doctoral dissertation, Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San Francisco, CA.
Terman, L. M. (1904). A preliminary study in the psychology and pedagogy of leadership. Pedagogical Seminary, 11(4), 413-483.
Thamrin, H. M. (2012). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational commitment on job satisfaction and employee performance. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3(5), 566–572.
Thirumurugan, R. (2015). The leadership style on employee satisfaction and performance of bank employees. International Journal of Research, 2(2), 1015–1020.
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: an ‘interpretive’ model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15, 666–681.
Top, M., Akdere, M., & Tarcan, M. (2015). Examining transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in Turkish hospitals: public servants versus private sector employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(9), 1259–1282.
Vaccaro, I. G., Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., & Volberda, H. W. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), 28–51.
Van Knippenberg, B., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2005). Leader self-sacrifice and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of leader prototypicality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 25–37.
Walumbwa, F. O., & Hartnell, C. A. (2011). Understanding transformational leadership–employee performance links: The role of relational identification and self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 153–172.
Walumbwa, F. O., & Lawler, J. J. (2003). Building effective organizations: transformational leadership, collectivist orientation, work-related attitudes, and withdrawal behaviors in three emerging economies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 1083–1101.
Walumbwa, F. O., Orwa, B., Wang, P., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). Transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and US financial firms. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 235–256.
Walumbwa, F. O., Wang, P., Lawler, J. J., & Shi, K. (2004). The role of collective efficacy in the relations between transformational leadership and work outcomes. Journal of Organizational and Occupational Psychology, 77, 515–530.
Wang, P., & Rode, J. C. (2010). Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The moderating effects of identification with leader and organizational climate. Human Relations, 63(8), 1105–1128.
Wang, X. H., & Howell, J. M. (2012). A multilevel study of transformational leadership, identification, and follower outcomes. Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 775–790.
Wang, X., Ma, L., & Zhang, M. (2014). Transformational leadership and agency workers' organizational commitment: The mediating effect of organizational justice and job characteristics. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(1), 25–36.
Wang, Y. (2008). Emotional bonds with supervisor and co-workers: Relationship to organizational commitment in China’s foreign-invested companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 916–931.
Wayne, S., Liden, R., & Sparrowe, R. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407–416.
Welsch, H. P., & LaVan, H. (1981). Inter-relationships between organizational commitment and job characteristics, job satisfaction, professional behavior, and organizational climate. Human Relations, 34(12), 1079–1089.
Wiley, D. M. (1999). Impact of locus of control and empowerment on organizational commitment. Doctoral dissertation, United States International University, Kenya.
Wong, C. A., & Cummings, G. G. (2007). The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 15(5), 508–521.
Wong, Y. M. (2007). Transformational leadership and job satisfaction of advanced practice nurses in public health setting. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix, USA.
Xenikou, A., & Simosi, M. (2006). Organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business unit performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(6), 566-579.
Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Chun, J. U., & Dansereau, F. (2005). Leadership and levels of analysis: A state-of-the-science review. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 879-919.
Yammarino, F. J., Spangler, W. D., & Bass, B. M. (1993). Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation. Leadership Quarterly, 4, 81–102.
Yang, Y. F. (2009). An investigation of group interaction functioning stimulated by transformational leadership on employee intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction: An extension of the resource-based theory perspective. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(9), 1259-1277.
Yiing, L. H., & Ahmad, K. (2009). The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behaviour and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(1), 53-86.
Yukl, G. (1998). Leadership in organizations (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Yunus, N., & Ibrahim, W. N. W. (2015). Employees’ organizational commitment: The effect of leaders’ transformational leadership and leader-member exchange as moderator. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 4(2), 123-135.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.
Zhou, J., & Shalley, C. E. (2008). Handbook of organizational creativity. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zopiatis, A., Constanti, P., & Theocharous, A. L. (2014). Job involvement, commitment, satisfaction and turnover: Evidence from hotel employees in Cyprus. Tourism Management, 41, 129-140.
AYRANCI, E., & AYRANCI, A. E. (2017). Relationships among Perceived Transformational Leadership, Workers’ Creativity, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment: An Investigation of Turkish Banks. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 433-458.
Copyright: © 2017 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode