International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Moderating Effect of and Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship between Skills and Employability

Open access
The purpose of the study is to examine moderating role of emotional intelligence on the relationship of perceived soft skills and employability in the business graduates of Malaysia. Study is descriptive and quantitative in nature. The data were collected from 380 students of four different universities (USM, UITM, UUM, UM) of Malaysia. CFA and SEM techniques have been applied to check the validity and hypotheses testing. The results divulged that different types of skills are significantly and positively associated with employability. Moreover, findings also proved that students level of emotional intelligence significantly moderate on the relationship of perceived soft skills and employability. This study gives insight understanding regarding the crucial role of skills and emotional intelligence to positively shape the employability.
Abas-Mastura, M., Imam, O. A., & Osman, S. (2013). Employability skills and task performance of employees in government sector. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(4), 150-162.
Allen, J., & Van der Velden, R. (2001). Educational mismatches versus skill mismatches: effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search. Oxford economic papers, 434-452.
Andréosso-O'Callaghan, B., Bassino, J. P., Dzever, S., & Jaussaud, J. (Eds.). (2007). The Economic Relations Between Asia and Europe: Organisation, Trade and Investment. Elsevier.
Andrews, J., & Higson, H. (2008). Graduate employability,‘soft skills’ versus ‘hard’business knowledge: A European study. Higher education in Europe, 33(4), 411-422.
Ariana, S. M. (2010). Some Thoughts On Writing Skills. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 127-133.
Avramenko, A. (2012). Enhancing students' employability through business simulation. Education+ Training, 54(5), 355-367.
Bagayah, H. M. Z., & Smith, W. (2005). Malaysia: Unemployment in the midst of full employment. Unemployment in Asia, 135-158.
Barkar, A. Rahim and Hanafi Ivan.,(2007). Assessing Employability Skills of Technical–Vocational Students in Malaysia, 202-207.
Baruch, Y. (2004). Transforming careers: from linear to multidirectional career paths: organizational and individual perspectives. Career development international, 9(1), 58-73.
Bastian, V. A., Burns, N. R., & Nettelbeck, T. (2005). Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities. Personality and individual differences, 39(6), 1135-1145.
Berntson, E. (2008). Employability perceptions: Nature, determinants, and implications for health and well-being.British American Tobacco Malaysia – Graduate Careers (2008).
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (1993). Research methods in education.
Beukes, C. J. (2010). Employability and emotional intelligence of the individual within the school-to-work transition phase (Doctoral dissertation).
Bezuidenhout, M. (2010). A pilot study. The development of an instrument to measure employability of students: Unpublished draft research proposal. Department of Human Resourcse Management, University of Pretoria.
Bhaerman, R., & Spill, R. (1988). A dialogue on employability skills: How can they be taught?. Journal of career development, 15(1), 41-52.
Blom, A., & Saeki, H. (2012). Employability and skill sets of newly graduated engineers in India: a study. IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 6(4), 7.
Borghans, L., Ter Weel, B., & Weinberg, B. A. (2008). Interpersonal styles and labor market outcomes. Journal of Human Resources, 43(4), 815-858.
Boyatzis, R. E. (2006). Using tipping points of emotional intelligence and cognitive competencies to predict financial performance of leaders. Psicothema, 18(Suplemento), 124-131.
Boyatzis, R. E., & Sala, F. (2004). Assessing emotional intelligence competencies. The measurement of emotional intelligence, 147-180.
Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2004). Emotional intelligence appraisal: There is more than IQ. TalentSmart.
Brody, R. A., & Page, B. I. (1972). Comment: The assessment of policy voting. American Political Science Review, 66(02), 450-458.
Brown, P., Hesketh, A., & Williams, S. (2004). The mismanagement of talent: Employability and jobs in the knowledge economy. Oxford University Press.
Burger, J. M. (2009). Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today?. American Psychologist, 64(1), 1.
Busato, V. V., Prins, F. J., Elshout, J. J., & Hamaker, C. (2000). Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1057–1068.
Carbery, R., & Garavan, T. N. (2005). Organisational restructuring and downsizing: Issues related to learning, training and employability of survivors. Journal of European Industrial Training, 29(6), 488-508.
Carnevale, A. P. (1990). Workplace Basics: The Essential Skills Employers Want. ASTD Best Practices Series: Training for a Changing Work Force. Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1996). Self-regulation and its failures. Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 32-40.
Cbi (Coneederation Of British Industry) (1999) Making Employability Work: An Agenda for Action. London: CBI.
Chisty, K. K. S., Uddin, G. M., & Ghosh, S. K. (2007). The business graduate employability in Bangladesh: dilemma and expected skills by corporate world.
Cleary, M., Flynn, R., Thomasson, S. (2006) Employability Skills from Framework to Practice: An Introductory Guide for Trainers and Assessors. Precision Consultancy.
Coetzee, M., & Harry, N. (2014). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of employees' career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 90-97.
Coetzee, M., & Roythorne-Jacobs, H. (2006). Career counselling and guidance in the workplace: A manual for career practitioners. Juta and Company Ltd.
Coetzee, M., & Schreuder, D. (2011). The relation between career anchors, emotional intelligence and employability satisfaction among workers in the service industry. Southern African Business Review, 15(3), 76-97.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Action research. Research methods in education (5th ed.), eds. L. Cohen, L. Manion, and K. Morrison. London: Routledge-Falmer.
Cooper, S. A. (1997). Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly compared with younger adults with learning disabilities. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 375-380.
Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., & Anderson, S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and individual differences, 32(2), 197-209.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological assessment, 4(1), 5.
Costea, B., Amiridis, K., & Crump, N. (2012). Graduate employability and the principle of potentiality: An aspect of the ethics of HRM. Journal of business ethics, 111(1), 25-36.
Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Creyer, E. H., & Ross, W. T. (1997). Tradeoffs between price and quality: How a value index affects. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 31(2), 280-302.
Curtis, D., & McKenzie, P. (2001). Employability skills for Australian industry: Literature review and framework development. Camberwell, VIC, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.
Dacre Pool, L., & Qualter, P. (2013). Emotional self?efficacy, graduate employability, and career satisfaction: Testing the associations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(4), 214-223.
Danh Nguyen, N., Yoshinari, Y., & Shigeji, M. (2005). University education and employment in Japan: Students' perceptions on employment attributes and implications for university education. Quality Assurance in Education, 13(3), 202-218.
Daniels, J., D'andrea, Michael., & Gaughen, K. J. (1998). Testing the validity and reliability of the Perceived Employability Scale (PES) among a culturally diverse population. Journal of Employment Counseling, 35(3), 114-123.
De Fruyt, F. & Mervielde, I. (1996). Personality and interests as predictors of educational streaming and achievement. European Journal of Personal¬ity, 10, 405–425.
De Vos, A., De Hauw, S., & Van der Heijden, B. I. (2011). Competency development and career success: The mediating role of employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 438-447.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual review of psychology, 41(1), 417-440.
Dr. Robinson, J.P., (2000, September 15). What Are Employability Skills?. Alabama Cooperative Extension System The Workplace, Vol. 1 Issue 3
DR?GAN, M., Br?tean, D., & Pitic, D. (2012). Increasing Employability of Master Graduates–Economic Profile–in Context of the Accreditation System by Using GEMBA Sheets. Review of Economic Studies and Research Virgil Madgearu, (01), 33-44.
Early, D. M., Bryant, D. M., Pianta, R. C., Clifford, R. M., Burchinal, M. R., Ritchie, S., & Barbarin, O. (2006). Are teachers’ education, major, and credentials related to classroom quality and children's academic gains in pre-kindergarten?. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21(2), 174-195.
Employability and personal initiative as antecedents of job satisfaction. The Spanish journal of psychology, 12(02), 632-640.
Employability Skills for The Future (2002). Commonwealth Department of Education Science & Training.
Entwistle, N. J., & Cunningham , S. (1968). Neuroticism and school attainment: A linear relationship? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 38(2), 123–132
Entwistle, N. J., & Entwistle, D. (1970). The relationship between personality, study methods, and academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 40, 132–143.
Evers, F. T., Rush, J. C., & Berdrow, I. (1998). The Bases of Competence. Skills for Lifelong Learning and Employability. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104.
Farsides, T., & Woodfield, R. (2003). Individual differences and undergradu¬ate academic success: The roles of personality, intelligence, and applica¬tion. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1225–1243.
Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14(1), 97-124.
Finch, D. J., Hamilton, L. K., Baldwin, R., & Zehner, M. (2013). An exploratory study of factors affecting undergraduate employability. Education+ Training, 55(7), 681-704.
Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003). The concept employability: A complex mosaic. International journal of human resources development and management, 3(2), 102-124.
Fugate, M. (2006). New perspectives on employability. Encyclopedia of Career Development, 267-270.
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational behavior, 65(1), 14-38.
Furnham, A. & Medhurst, S. (1995). Personality correlates of academic seminar behavior: A study of four instruments. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 197–220 Mkoji & Sikalieh (2012).
Furnham, A., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2004). Personality and intelligence as predictors of statistics examination grades. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 943–955
Gardner, C. T., Milne, M. J., Stringer, C. P., & Whiting, R. H. (2005). Oral and written communication apprehension in accounting students: Curriculum impacts and impacts on academic performance. Accounting Education, 14(3), 313-336.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century. New York: Basic Books.
Gault, J., Leach, E., & Duey, M. (2010). Effects of business internships on job marketability: the employers' perspective. Education+ Training, 52(1), 76-88.
Gerrard, P., & Barton Cunningham, J. (1997). Islamic banking: a study in Singapore. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 15(6), 204-216.
Goby, V. P., & Lewis, J. H. (2000). The key role of listening in business: A study of the Singapore insurance industry. Business communication quarterly, 63(2), 41-51.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). The emotional reality of teams. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 21(2), 55-65.
Gray, F. E. (2010). Specific oral communication skills desired in new accountancy graduates. Business communication quarterly, 73(1), 40-67.
GRIP, A., LOO, J., & Sanders, J. (2004). The industry employability index: Taking account of supply and demand characteristics. International Labour Review, 143(3), 211-233.
Guildford, J. (1959). Trends in creativity. H. Anderson, Creativity and its.Hartshorn, C., & Sear, L. (2005). Employability and enterprise: evidence from the North East. Urban studies, 42(2), 271-283.
Hampton, M., Graham, A., & Willett, C. (2010). What not to write: An intervention in written communication skills for accounting students. The international journal of management education, 8(2), 67-74.
Hanapi, Z., & Nordin, M. S. (2014). Unemployment among Malaysia Graduates: Graduates’ Attributes, Lecturers’ Competency and Quality of Education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 1056-1063.
Hartshorn, C., & Sear, L. (2005). Employability and enterprise: evidence from the North East. Urban studies, 42(2), 271-283.
Harvey, L. (2001). Defining and measuring employability. Quality in higher education, 7(2), 97-109.
Hennemann, S., & Liefner, I. (2010). Employability of German geography graduates: The mismatch between knowledge acquired and competences required. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 34(2), 215-230.
Hill, H., & Jongwanich, J. (2014). Emerging East Asian Economies As Foreign Investors: An Analytical Survey. The Singapore Economic Review, 59(03)..
Hillage, J., & Pollard, E. (1998). Employability: developing a framework for policy analysis. London: DfEE.
Hinchliffe, G. (2009). Employer concepts of graduate employability.
Hjelle, L. A., & Ziegler, D. J. (1992). Personality theories: Basic assumptions, research, and applications. McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages.
Hm Treasury (1997) Treasury Press Release 122/97, 13th October: Gordon Brown Unveils UK Employment Action Plan. London: HM
Hogan, J., & Holland, B. (2003). Using theory to evaluate personality and job-performance relations: a socioanalytic perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 100.
Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the Big Five revisited. Journal of applied psychology, 85(6), 869.
Islam, R., Hamid, A., Shukri, M., & Abd Manaf, N. H. (2013). Enhancing graduates’ employability skills: A Malaysian case.
Jawahar, I. M., Meurs, J. A., Ferris, G. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2008). Self-efficacy and political skill as comparative predictors of task and contextual performance: A two-study constructive replication. Human Performance,21(2), 138-157.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2(1999), 102-138.
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The big five inventory—versions 4a and 54.
Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Hartel, C. E. (2002). Emotional intelligence as a moderator of emotional and behavioral reactions to job insecurity. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 361-372.
Judge, T. A., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 762.
Juhdi, N., Jauhariah, A., & Yunus, S. (2007). A study on employability skills of university graduates. The Business Wallpaper, 2(1), 1-6..
Kalana, J. A. (2010). Electrical and electronic waste management practice by households in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 132-144.Kuncel, et al. (2005).
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). Organizations and the system concept.Classics of organization theory, 161-172..
Khir, K. (2006). Training employable graduates: Innovation in training methodology. In National Conference on Continuing Technical Education & Training (pp. 34-52).
Knight, P., & Yorke, M. (2004). Learning, curriculum and employability in higher education. Psychology Press.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ Psychol Meas.
Kuncel, N., Hezlett, S.A., Ones, D. S., Crede, M., Vannelli, J. R., Thomas, L. L., Duehr, E. E., & Jackson, H. L. (2005). A Meta-Analysis of Personality Determi¬nants of College Student Performance. 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Los Angeles, CA.
Lankard, B. A. (1990). Employability--The Fifth Basic Skill. ERIC Digest No. 104.
Ledwith, S., & Seymour, D. (2001). Home and away: Preparing students for multicultural management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(8), 1292-1312.
Lee, H. A. (2014). MalaySIa’S educatIon, off courSe Heady Growth, Systemic Woes, Small fixes. Malaysia's Socio-Economic Transformation: Ideas for the Next Decade, 225, 337.
Leitch, S. (2006). Prosperity for All in the Global Economy--World Class Skills: Final Report. The Stationery Office.
Lievens, F., & Sackett, P. R. (2012). The validity of interpersonal skills assessment via situational judgment tests for predicting academic success and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 460.
Lim, H. E. (2005). Early identification of low employability graduate in Malaysia: the use of proportional hazard model/Lim Hock-Eam. Jurnal Teknologi Maklumat dan Sains Kuantitatif, 7(1), 41-48.
Lind, D.A., Marchal, W.G. & Wathen, S.A., (2008) Statistical Techniques in Business And Economics, 13th Edition, McGrawHill-Irwin, International Edition
Lindsay, C. (2002). Long-term unemployment and the “employability gap”: priorities for renewing Britain's New Deal. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(9), 411-419.
Lindsay, C., McCracken, M. & McQuaid, R. W., (2003). Unemployment duration and employability in remote rural labor markets. Journal of Rural Studies, 19, pp. 187-200.
Magnusson, D. (1981). Situational determinants of stress: An interactional perspective. University of Stockholm.
Manaf, L. A., Samah, M. A. A., & Zukki, N. I. M. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Practices and challenges. Waste Management, 29(11), 2902-2906.
Many universities now encourage students to engage in personal development planning (PDP). Thus, if we take the Higher Education Academy publication Personal development, planning and employability (Ward & Watts, 2009)
Marock, C. (2008). Grappling with youth employability in South Africa. Unpublished paper, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria.
Mason, G., Williams, G., & Cranmer, S. (2009). Employability skills initiatives in higher education: what effects do they have on graduate labour market outcomes?. Education Economics, 17(1), 1-30.
Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 293-303.
Maxwell, G., Scott, B., Macfarlane, D., & Williamson, E. (2009). Employers as stakeholders in postgraduate employability skills development. International Journal of Management in Education, 8(2), 1-11.
May, A. Y. C., & Carter, S. (2012). From" Learning" to" Employability": Informing Successful Teamwork through Social and Emotional Competencies. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 7(3), 11.
Maynard, M. L. (2003). Emotional intelligence and perceived employability for internship curriculum. Psychological reports, 93(3), 791-792.
McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. T. (2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity and human and social capital. Journal of vocational behavior, 71(2), 247-264.
McGrath, S. (2009). What is employability? Learning to support employability project paper, 1.
McQuaid, R. W. & Lindsay, C. (2002). The 'Employability Gap': Long-Term Unemployment and Barriers to Work in Buoyant Labor Markets. Environment and Planning C, 20, pp. 613-628.
McQuaid, R. W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban studies, 42(2), 197-219.
Meadows, P., & Metcalf, H. (2008). Does literacy and numeracy training for adults increase employment and employability? Evidence from the Skills for Life programme in England. Industrial Relations Journal, 39(5), 354-369.
Metawa, S. A., & Almossawi, M. (1998). Banking behavior of Islamic bank customers: perspectives and implications. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16(7), 299-313.
Meyer, W. F., Moore, C., & Viljoen, H. G. (1989). Personality theories: from Freud to Frankl. Lexicon Publishers.
Miller, S. A. (2010). Social-cognitive development in early childhood. interactions, 20, 21.
Mischel, W. (1969). Continuity and change in personality. American Psychologist, 24(11), 1012.
Mischel, W. (1984). Convergences and challenges in the search for consistency. American Psychologist, 39(4), 351.
Misra, R. K., & Mishra, P. (2011). Employability skills: The conceptual framework & scale development. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 650-660.
Mohamed, A. A., Radzuan, N. R. M., Kassim, H., & Ali, M. M. A. (2014). Conceptualizing English Workplace Communication Needs Of Professional Engineers: The Challenges for English Language Tertiary Educators. International Journal of Contemporary Business Management (IJCBM), 1(1).
Morrison, P.S., (2007). Employability and Local Labor Market Policy. Economic Issues, Vol 12 Part 1.
Morshidi, S. (2009, September). Internationalization and commercialization of research output of universities: Emerging issues in Malaysian education 2006–2010. In Regional Symposium on Comparative Education and Development in Asia (Vol. 2425).
Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988).Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27–43. [doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.1.27]
Mustapha, R. B., & Greenan, J. P. (2002). The role of vocational education in economic development in Malaysia: educators' and employers' perspectives.
Nabi, G. R., & Bagley, D. (1998). Graduates' perceptions of transferable personal skills and future career preparation in the UK. Career Development International, 3(1), 31-39.
Naseer, Z., Chisti, S., Rahman, F., & Jumani, N. B. (2011). Impact of emotional intelligence on team performance in Higher Education Institutes. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 30-46.
Naser, K., Jamal, A., & Al-Khatib, K. (1999). Islamic banking: a study of customer satisfaction and preferences in Jordan. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17(3), 135-151.
Nickson, D., Warhurst, C., Commander, J., Hurrell, S. A., & Cullen, A. M. (2012). Soft skills and employability: Evidence from UK retail. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 33(1), 65-84.
Nilsson, S., & Ellström, P. E. (2012). Employability and talent management: challenges for HRD practices. European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 26-45.
Noftle E. & Robins R. (2007). Personality predictors of academic out¬comes: Big Five correlates of GPA and SAT scores. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 116–130.
Noftle, E. E. & Robins, R. (2007). Personality predictors of academic out¬comes: Big Five correlates of GPA and SAT scores. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 116–130.
Nordin, M. K. (2009). Keynote Speech during a seminar on “Enhancing graduate employability: Issues, Concerns and the Way Forward”. Marriott Hotel Putrajaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, 21.
Nurita, S., & Ainon, P. (2004). A survey of students’ employability skills: A case of Unitar. Unitar e-Journal, 4(1).
O'Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. (2011). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta?analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 788-818.
Omar, N. H., Manaf, A. A., Mohd, R. H., Kassim, A. C., & Aziz, K. A. (2012). Graduates’ employability skills based on current job demand through electronic advertisement. Asian Social Science, 8(9), p103.
Omar, R., Khoon, K. A., Hamzah, M. F., & Ahmadan, S. R. (2009). 2006-2008 Studies on the Employability of UKM Graduates. College Student Journal, 43(4), 1337.
Oria, B. (2012). Enhancing higher education students’ employability: A Spanish case study. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 11(3), 217-230.
Outin, J. (1990). Occupational Trajectories and Labor-Force Mobility-The Social Construction of Employability. Sociologie Du Travail, 32(4), 469-489.
Overtoom, C. (2000). Employability Skills: An Update. ERIC Digest No. 220.
Owusu-Frimpong, N. (1999). Patronage behaviour of Ghanaian bank customers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17(7), 335-342.
Khalid, N., Pahi, M. H., & Ahmed, U. (2016). Loosing Your Best Talent: Can Leadership Retain Employees? The Dilemma of the Banking Sector of Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan: A Mediation Investigation. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(3).
Pahi, M. H., Ab Hamid, K., & Khalid, N. (2016). Save Talent of Banking Sector of Pakistan: Mediating Job Satisfaction between Job Stress and Employee Turnover Intention. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(3).
Pervin, L. A. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5(2), 103-113.
Pillai, S., Khan, M. H., Ibrahim, I. S., & Raphael, S. (2012). Enhancing employability through industrial training in the Malaysian context. Higher Education, 63(2), 187-204.
Pool, L. D., & Sewell, P. (2007). The key to employability: developing a practical model of graduate employability. Education+ Training, 49(4), 277-289.
Poole, D. L. (1987). Social work and the supported work services model. Social Work, 32(5), 434-439.
Poropat, A. E. (2011). The role of citizenship performance in academic achievement and graduate employability. Education+ Training, 53(6), 499-514.
Potgieter, I. (2012). The relationship between the self-esteem and employability attributes of postgraduate business management students: original research. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(2), 1-15.
Potgieter, I., & Coetzee, M. (2013). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of postgraduate students' psychosocial employability attributes. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(2), 187-194.
Prussia, G. E., Fugate, M., & Kinicki, A. J. (2001). Explication of the coping goal construct: Implications for coping and reemployment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1179..
Qualter, P., Gardner, K. J., & Whiteley, H. E. (2007). Emotional intelligence: Review of research and educational implications. Pastoral Care in Education, 25(1), 11-20.
Quek, A. H. (2005). Learning for the workplace: a case study in graduate employees' generic competencies. Journal of workplace learning, 17(4), 231-242.
Raftopoulos, M. (2009). Work readiness and graduate recruitment in the fasset sector.
Rasul, M. S., Ismail, M. Y., Ismail, N., Rajuddin, M. R., & Rauf, R. A. A. (2009). Importance of employability skills as perceived by employers of Malaysian manufacturing industry. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(12), 2059-2066.
Rasul, M. S., Ismail, M., Ismail, N., Rajuddin, M. R., Rauf, A., & Amnah, R. (2010). Development of employability skills assessment tool for manufacturing industry. Jurnal Mekanikal: An International Journal, (30), 48-61.
Rasul, M. S., Rauf, R. A. A., Mansor, A. N., & Puvanasvaran, A. P. (2012). Employability skills assessment tool development. International Education Studies, 5(5), 43.
Razak, M. I. M., Yusof, A. M., Syazana, W. N., Jaafar, W. E., & Talib, A. H. (2014). Factors Influencing Unemployment among Graduates in Malaysia–An Overview. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(11), 168-173.
Riach, K., & Loretto, W. (2009). Identity work and theunemployed'worker: age, disability and the lived experience of the older unemployed. Work, Employment & Society, 23(1), 102-119.
Robinson, J. P. (2000). What are employability skills. The workplace, 1(3), 1-3.assessment and portfolios. Career development international, 5(6), 318-322.
Rosenberg, S., Heimler, R., & Morote, E. S. (2012). Basic employability skills: a triangular design approach. Education+ Training, 54(1), 7-20
Rothwell, A., & Arnold, J. (2007). Self-perceived employability: development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23-41.
Rothwell, A., Herbert, I., & Rothwell, F. (2008). Self-perceived employability: Construction and initial validation of a scale for university students. Journal of vocational behavior, 73(1), 1-12.
Salkind, N. J., & Rainwater, T. (2003). Exploring research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Semadar, A., Robins, G. and Ferris, G.R. (2006), “Comparing the validity of multiple social effectiveness constructs in the prediction of managerial job performance”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 27, pp. 443-461
Sanders, J., & De Grip, A. (2004). Training, task flexibility and the employability of low-skilled workers. International Journal of Manpower, 25(1), 73-89.
Savickas, M. L., Nota, L., Rossier, J., Dauwalder, J. P., Duarte, M. E., Guichard, J.& Van Vianen, A. E. (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for career construction in the 21st century. Journal of vocational behavior, 75(3), 239-250.
Senge, P. M., & Fulmer, R. M. (1993). Simulations, systems thinking and anticipatory learning. Journal of Management Development, 12(6), 21-33.
Shafie, L. A., & Nayan, S. (2010). Employability awareness among Malaysian undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), p119.
Shah, N. Z. (2008). Are graduates to be blamed? Unemployment of computer science graduates in Malaysia. Computer Science, 3, 19-5.
Sherer, M., & Eadie, R. (1987). Employability skills: Key to success. Thrust, 17(2).
Shukran, A. R., Hariyati Shariman, A. M., Saodah, W., & Noor Azlan, M. N. (2006). Employee knowledge, skills, abilities, and others characteristics: expectation of industries. In First International Conference of Muslim Psychologist, Khartoum, Sudan (pp. 73-85).
Singh, G. K. G., & Singh, S. K. G. (2008). Malaysian graduates’ employability skills. UNITAR e-Journal, 4(1), 15-45.
Suresh B.R. (2006). 70% of Grads From Public Institutions Jobless. Retrieved from Sun2Surf Malaysian Source for News & Lifestyle Web site: http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=14660
Tas, A., & Ergin, E. A. (2012). Key factors for student recruitment: The issue of university branding. International Business Research, 5(10), p146.
Taylor, A. (2005). What Employers Look For: The Skills Debate and The Fit With youth Perceptions. Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 18, 2, pp. 201-218.
.
Thijssen, J. G., Van der Heijden, B. I., & Rocco, T. S. (2008). Toward the employability—link model: current employment transition to future employment perspectives. Human Resource Development Review, 7(2), 165-183.
Tseng, C. C., & Liu, C. L. (1972). Complementary sets of sequences. Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, 18(5), 644-652.
Tymon, A. (2013). The student perspective on employability. Studies in higher education, 38(6), 841-856.
Van der Heijde, C. M., & Van der Heijden, B. I. (2005, June). The development and psychometric evaluation of a multi-dimensional measurement instrument of employability—and the impact of aging. In International congress series (Vol. 1280, pp. 142-147). Elsevier.
Van Der Heijden, B., Boon, J., Van der Klink, M., & Meijs, E. (2009). Employability enhancement through formal and informal learning: an empirical study among Dutch non?academic university staff members. International journal of training and development, 13(1), 19-37.
Watts, A. G. (2006). Career development learning and employability. New York: Higher Education Academy.
Wickramasinghe, V., & Perera, L. (2010). Graduates', university lecturers' and employers' perceptions towards employability skills. Education+ Training, 52(3), 226-244.
Willis, T. H., & Taylor, A. J. (1999). Total quality management and higher education: the employers' perspective. Total Quality Management, 10(7), 997-1007.
Wu, Y. L., Tsai, Y. L., & Chen, C. W. (2014). Examining the experiences of career guidance, vocational self-concept, and self-perceived employability among science education majors in Taiwan. Journal of Baltic science education, 13(2).
Yusof, N., & Jamaluddin, Z. (2015). Graduate employability and preparedness: A case study of University of Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Malaysia.
Aziz, A., & Pangil, F. (2017). Moderating Effect of and Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship between Skills and Employability. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(3), 1-20.