This study seeks to investigate the intention to leave among self-initiated academic expatriate in the public universities in Malaysia. Objectives of this study are threefold. Firstly, to identify the difference in perception of human resource practices, organizational commitment and intention to leave based on demographic background. Secondly, to examine the relationship between human resource practices and organizational commitment with the intention to leave. Finally, to identify the most significant human resource practices that influences the intention to leave. Questionnaire data were collected from public higher education institutions in Malaysia. The subjects are 88 self-initiated academic expatriates attached to various public universities in Malaysia particularly in the Klang Valley. Test of difference and multiple regression analysis methods are used to test the hypotheses. Findings indicated that intention to leave is strongly associated with human resource practices, followed by organizational commitment. The analysis also suggested that training and career development, and challenging opportunity are two elements of human resource practices contributing to intention to leave. The findings implicates the importance of rewards, recognition and job growth opportunities in order to retain the self-initiated academic expatriate. These were some highlights that could be used in strategizing internalisation among public universities in Malaysia.
Adler NJ (1987) Pacific Basin Managers: A Gaijin, Not a Woman. Human Resource
Management, 26 (2), 169-191.
Ambrose S, Huston T, & Norman, M (2005) A qualitative method for assessing faculty
Satisfaction. Research in Higher Education, 46 (7), 803-830.
Andresen M, Biemann & Pattie WM (2012) What makes them move abroad? Reviewing
and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6 (7), 932-947.
Arthur MB, Khapova, SN & Wilderom, CPM (2005) Career success in a boundaryless
career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26 (2),177-202.
Barnes LLB, Agago MO & Coombs WT (1998) Effects of job-related stress on faculty
intention to leave academia. Research in Higher Education, 39 (4), 457-469.
Biemann T & Andresen M (2010) Self-initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned
expatriates: Two distinct types of international careers?. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25 (4), 430-448.
Blackburn RT & Havighurst RJ (1979). Career patterns of U.S. male academic social
Scientists. Higher Education, 8, 553-572.
Carmeli A & Weisberg J (2006) Exploring Turnover Intentions among Three Professional
Groups of Employees. Human Resource Development Journal, 9 (2), 191-206.
Chew J (2009) Organizational factors influencing employees’ organizational Commitment
and intention to stay. Journal of Management and World Business Research, 6 (1), 38.
Claus L, Lungu PA & Bhattacharjee S (2011) The effects of individual, organizational
and societal variables on the job performance of expatriate managers. International
Journal of Management, 28 (1-2), 249-271.
Dessoff A (2012) Asia’s Burgeoning Higher Education Hubs. International Educator, July-
Aug, 16-26.
Doherty N, Dickmann M & Mills T (2011) Exploring the motives of company-backed and
self-initiated expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22 (3), 595-611.
Doherty N (2013) Understanding the Self-initiated Expatriate: A Review and Directions for
Future Research. International Journal Of Management Reviews, 15 (4), 447-469.
Ehrenberg R, Kasper H & Rees D (1990) Faculty turnover at American colleges and
universities: Analyses of AAUP data. Economics of Education Review, 10 (2), 99-
110.
Erbacher D, Netto BD & Espana J (2006) Expatriate success in China: Impact of
personal and situational factors. The Journal of American Academy of Business Cambridge, 9 (2), 183-188.
Froese FJ & Peltokorpi V (2013) Organizational expatriates and self-initiated
expatriates: differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. The
International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24 (10), 1953-1967.
Greene BA & DeBacker TK (2004) Gender and orientations toward the future: Links to
motivation”, Educational Psychology Review, 16 (2), 91-120.
Hom PW, Roberson L & Ellis AD (2008) Challenging conventional wisdom about who
quits: Revelations from corporate America. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1-34.
Howe-Walsh L & Schyns B (2010) Self-initiated expatriation: implications for HRM.
International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21 (2), 260-273.
Huselid MA (1995) The impact of human resource management practices on turnover,
productivity and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (1), 635-672.
Inkson K, Arthur MB, Pringle J & Barry S (1997) Expatriate assignment versus overseas
experience: Contrasting models of international human resource development. Journal of World Business, 32 (4), 351-368.
Jang S & Wu CME (2006) Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An
examination of Taiwanese seniors. Tourism Management, 27 (2), 306-316.
Johnsrud LK & Heck RH (1994) A university’s faculty: Identifying who will leave and
who will stay. Journal for Higher Education Management, 10 (1), 71-84.
Knight WE & Leimer CL (2010) Will IR Staff Stick? An Exploration of Institutional
Researchers’ Intention to Remain in or Leave Their Jobs. Research in Higher Education, 59, 109-131.
Laabs JJ (1996) Employee commitment. Personnel Journal, 58, 234 – 240.
Lambert EG, Hogan NL & Barton SM (2001) The impact of job satisfaction on turnover
intent: a test of structure measurement model using a national sample of workers. The Social Science Journal, 38 (2), 233-243.
Lee L & Sukoco BM (2010) The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate
performance: The moderating effects of international experience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21 (7), 963-981.
Meyer JP & Allen JJ (1991) A Three-component conceptualization of organizational
Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1 (1), 61-89.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2007) The National Higher Education ActionPlan
2007-2010 . Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Higher Education.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (various years) Statistics for HigherEducation 2008.
Putrajaya, Malaysia: Educational Planning, Research & Development Unit.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2011) Internationalization Policy for Higher
Education Malaysia 2011 Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Higher Education.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2012) The National Higher Education Strategic
Plan Beyond 2020. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Higher Education.
Mobley WH, Horner SO & Hollingsworth AT (1978) An Evaluation of Precursors of
Hospital Employee Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 408-414.
Morris D, Yaacob A & Wood G (2004) Attitudes towards pay and promotion in the
Malaysian higher educational sector. Employee Relations, 26 (2), 137-150.
Mowday RT, Porter LW & Steers, RM (1982) Employee-organizational linkage: The
Psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Mudor H & Tooksoon P (2011) Conceptual framework on the relationship between
human resource management practices, job satisfaction, and turnover. Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 2 (2), 41-49.
Pololi LH, Krupat E, Civian JT, Ash AS & Brennnan RT (2012) Why are a quarter of faculty
considering leaving academic medicine? A study of their perceptions of institutional
culture and intentions to leave at 26 representative U.S medical schools. Academic Medicine, 87 (7), 1-11.
Porter LW, Steers RM, Mowday RT & Boulian P (1974) Organizational commitment, job
satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
Rahmah I, Rosnita H & Liew CS (2015) Penentu keterlibatan pekerja dalam latihan : Kes
sektor pendidikan swasta di Malaysia. Journal of Society and Space, 11 (10), 1-13.
Richardson J & Zikic J (2007) The darker side of an international academic career.
Career Development International, 12, 164-186.
Rodriguez JK & Scurry T (2014) Career capital development of self-initiated expatriates in
Qatar: cosmopolitan globetrotters, experts and outsiders. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (1-2), 190-211.
Rosser VJ (2004) Faculty members’ intentions to leave: A national study on their work life
and satisfaction. Research in Higher Education, 45 (3), 285-309.
Rowley J (1996) Motivation and academic staff in higher education. Quality Assurance in
Education, 4 (3), 11-18.
Ryan JF, Healy R & Sullivan J (2012) Oh, wont you stay? Predictors of faculty intent to
leave a public research university. Higher Education, 63, 421-437.
Salamin A & Hom PW (2005) In search of the elusive u-shaped performance-turnover
relationship: Are high performing Swiss bankers more liable to quit?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1204-1216.
Selesho JM & Naile I (2014) Academic Staff Retention As A Human Resource Factor:
University Perspective. International Business & Economics Research Journal 13 (2), 295-304.
Shields J, Scott D, Bishop JW & Goelzer P (2012) Pay perceptions and their relationships
with cooperation, commitment, and intent to quit. International Studies of Management and Organization, 42 (1), 68-86.
Siti Salwa S, Shafiqa R, Azman I & Ishak Y (2015) Peranan sistem ganjaran berdasarkan
prestasi dalam meningkatkan komitmen organisasi: Kajian kes penjawat awam di Putrajaya dan Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 11 (10), 51-62.
Smart JC (1990) A causal model of faculty turnover intentions. Research in Higher
Education, 3 (5), 405-424.
Smith CB (1979) Influence of internal opportunity structure and sex of worker on turnover
patterns. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54 (3), 362-381.
Solomon CM (1992) The loyalty factor. Personnel Journal, 52, 32-37.
Su S, Baird K & Blair B (2009) Employee organizational commitment: the influence of
cultural and organizational factors in the Australian manufacturing industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20 (12), 2494-2516.
Tettey JW (2006) Staff Retention in African Universities: Elements of a Sustainable
Strategy. Washington DC: World Bank.
Toh SM & DeNisi AS (2007) Host nationals as socializing agents: A Social Identity
Approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 281-301.
Treuren GJM & Frankish E (2014) The impact of pay on understanding on pay satisfaction
and retention: Salary sacrifice understanding in the not-for-profit sector. Journal of Industrial Relations, 56 (1), 103-122.
Wayne SJ, Shore LM, Bommer WH & Tetrick LE (2002) The role of fair treatment and
rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598.
Weng Q & McElroy JC (2012) Organizational career growth, affective occupational
commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 256-265.
Zhou Y & Volkwein JF (2004) Examining the influences on faculty departure intentions:
A comparison of tenured versus non-tenured faculty at research universities using NSOPF:99. Research in Higher Education, 45 (2), 139-176.
Awang, M., Ismail, R., Hamid, S. A., & Yusof, H. (2016). Intention to Leave among Self-initiated Academic Expatriate in Public Higher Education Institution. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(11), 122-136.
Copyright: © 2016 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode