This study is an empirical investigation of ethical sensitivity of leaders in contemporary organizations and how?this trait affects good governance. While there is ample research on the topic of ethical leadership and governance, quantitative descriptions of how concerns regarding ethics are taken up in leadership theory/leadership approaches and manifest in relevant?governance orientations remain scarce. The?current study fills part of this void by examining the association between ethical awareness and good practice in public sector organizations. Data were obtained by means of a structured survey from the leaders of organizations (purposive sampling), applying?quantitative research. Ethical consciousness was the independent variable and good?governance is the dependent variable. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were conducted to evaluate the degree and significance of association between construct. The findings reveal a positive and statistically significant association between ethical awareness and good governance. Leaders demonstrating higher levels of ethical awareness exhibit stronger commitments to transparency, accountability, fairness and responsible decision-making. These results provide preliminary empirical support for the role of internalized ethical values in strengthening governance practices. This study contributes to the leadership and governance literature by offering early quantitative validation of the ethical awareness good governance nexus. As a preliminary investigation, the findings support the refinement of measurement instruments and theoretical assumptions for subsequent large-scale empirical studies. Practically, the results inform leadership development initiatives and governance reforms by highlighting ethical awareness as a foundational element of effective and sustainable governance.
Abdul Halim, N., & Osmani, M. (2024). Good governance and organizational effectiveness: A contemporary review. Journal of Public Administration Studies, 12(1), 45–62.
Agustin-Silvestre, A., Gonzalez, J., & Herrera, P. (2024). Leadership capabilities and organizational adaptability: Promoting autonomy and continuous learning. Journal of Organizational Management, 18(2), 45–63.
Al Amiri, A., Abdul Rahim, H., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Effective leadership combining ethics, moral and emotional intelligence. Journal of Leadership and Management Studies, 11(3), 33–52.
Al-Khalifa, H., & Hassan, R. (2022). Ethical leadership and good governance in public institutions. Public Integrity, 24(3), 345–360.
Brown, L., & Jones, P. (2016). Corporate governance in public agencies: A comparative study. Journal of Public Administration, 25(2), 78–94.
Din, N., & Abdul Hassan, R. (2016). Moral leadership and organizational trust. Asian Journal of Leadership, 9(1), 25–40.
Ejournal UPSI. (2022). Leadership as catalysts for change and social transformation in organizations. UPSI Journal of Educational Leadership, 10(2), 30–50.
Graham, J. (2021). Integrity in organizations: Consistency in actions, values, and ethical standards. Journal of Business Ethics, 172(1), 1–18.
Haerudin, N. (2015). Ethical leadership in organizational practice. International Journal of Ethics in Management, 8(1), 23–36.
Heinrich, J., & Holmes, R. (2022). Inclusive governance, participation, and institutional responsiveness. Journal of International Development, 34(5), 912–928.
Ilham, M. (2015). Ethical and servant leadership in Malaysian organizations. Asian Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(2), 55–70.
Jones, T., Smith, R., & Lee, H. (2018). Public administration and governance in Malaysia: Challenges and opportunities. Malaysian Journal of Public Policy, 10(1), 1–19.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). Governance matters: Governance and development outcomes (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430). World Bank.
Khalid, A. (2016). Nine dimensions of good governance in the public sector. Public Sector Governance Review, 7(3), 55–73.
Kholifatus Syadiyah, N., Niesma Putri, N., & Hayat, M. (2024). Ethics in public administration: Value-based integrity for better governance. Journal of Public Ethics and Governance, 12(1), 55–72.
Komaty, S. (2025). Contextual factors in ethical awareness and governance effectiveness. International Journal of Public Sector Ethics, 12(1), 22–41.
Koutonin, J., & Tchatchoua, A. (2023). External oversight, anti-corruption, and transparency mechanisms in public governance. Journal of African Governance Studies, 7(2), 45–60.
Malik, A., & Mat, R. (2016). Governance as an administrative system: A Malaysian perspective. Journal of Governance and Policy, 7(2), 88–102.
Megawati, S., Abdullah, M., & Sulaiman, R. (2024). Stakeholder engagement and participatory governance for ethical leadership. Journal of Public Administration Studies, 16(3), 40–58.
MDPI. (2023). Knowledge-oriented leadership and organizational learning in the public sector. Sustainability, 15(6), 112–130.
Muhamad, N., & Ramly, M. (2024). Ethical awareness and governance in Malaysian public agencies. Journal of Governance and Ethics, 12(2), 30–50.
Muhd Akmal, R., Razaleigh, R., Rosli, M., Zanariah, Z., & A’dawiyah, A. (2015). Qualifying leaders for crucial decisions and organizational change. Malaysian Management Review, 10(4), 75–92.
Muhammad. (2015). Multidimensional leadership in community development. Journal of Leadership and Society, 8(2), 22–39.
Muliawaty, N., & Framesthi, R. (2024). Ethical awareness and compliance in public service. Journal of Governance and Ethics, 10(1), 25–42.
Mursalin, M., & Khaeriyah, N. (2023). Resource constraints and governance mechanisms in the public sector. International Journal of Economics and Management, 19(3), 78–94.
Nordiana, M. (2016). Ethics and honesty in Malaysian public sector employees. Malaysian Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1), 15–29.
Rahman, A., & Aziz, M. (2024). Strengthening ethical consciousness and institutional frameworks for good governance. Public Administration and Policy Review, 14(2), 50–68.
Ridzuan, M., Abdullah Hashim, A., & Abdul Latiff, H. (2024). Good governance and ethical practice awareness among public sector actors. Journal of Public Sector Ethics, 11(1), 40–57.
Ruslan, R., Hamid, S., & Ismail, A. (2020). Public service ethics and integrity: Evidence from Malaysia. Asian Public Administration Review, 12(2), 105–123.
Shipley, M., & Kovacs, P. (2021). Ethical challenges in digital transformation and AI: Governance and accountability. Journal of Business Ethics, 172(4), 601–618.
Siti Arni, N., Nurul Syafiyah, R., Mohamad Zaidi, M., & Monica@Munirah, S. (2016). Leadership as a determinant of organizational success. Journal of Organizational Studies, 7(3), 12–29.
Siti Zurina, N., Amzawati, N., & Sofiah, S. (2018). Good governance in changeable environments and public administration. Malaysian Journal of Public Administration, 12(1), 22–40.
Tricker, B. (2015). Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2023). Good governance as a public sector framework: The OECD perspective. International Public Management Journal, 26(2), 101–120.
UNESCAP. (2021). Good governance practices for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations.
United Nations. (2004). Good governance practices: Guide to implementation. United Nations.
Van Gils, S., & Van Quaquebeke, N. (2022). Ethics in organizations: Linking individual behavior to organizational rules. Journal of Business Ethics, 177(3), 657–672.
Widang, I., & Fridlund, B. (2019). Ethical leadership and decision-making in organizations. Journal of Leadership and Ethics, 14(2), 33–48.
Wook, H., Lee, S., Kim, J., Park, R., & Choi, H. (2023). Ethical leadership, employee trust, and organizational performance. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 45(3), 77–94.
Yosinta, A. (2016). Dimensions of good governance. Journal of Governance Studies, 10(2), 50–68.
Zhang, Y., & Kim, S. (2022). Good governance characterized by transparency, accountability, participation, and rule of law. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 15(1), 5–22.
Rashid, N. H. B. M., Zaini, F. B., & Rashid, K. B. M. (2026). The Relationship between Ethical Awareness and Good Governance among Public Sector Leader in Contemporary Organization: A Holistic Approach. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 16(2), 146-158.
Copyright: © 2026 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode