International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Actual Voluntary Turnover, Job Embeddedness, Pay Satisfaction and Moderating Effect of Perceived Alternative Job Opportunities: Data Screening and Preliminary Analysis

Open access

Talatu Raiya Umar, Faridahwati Mohd. Shamsudin, Chandrakantan a/I Subramaniam, Johanim Johari

Pages 161-171 Received: 11 Aug, 2015 Revised: 19 Sep, 2015 Published Online: 15 Oct, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.46886/IJARBSS/v5-i10/20480
The primary objective of this paper is to report the collected data regarding the effects of job embeddedness and pay satisfaction on actual voluntary turnover with moderating role of perceived alternative job opportunities. A survey method was employed to administer 354 questionnaires to former faculty members from various public universities across Nigeria. Initial data screening and cleaning were conducted as an attempt to fulfil the assumptions of multivariate analysis. Therefore, the present study performed missing data analysis and an assessment of univariate and multivariate outliers with help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Conclusively, the result revealed that data met the requirements for further analysis.
Acuna, E., & Rodriguez, C. (2004). The treatment of missing values and its effect inthe classifier accuracy In D. Banks, L. House, F.R. McMorris,P. Arabie. W. Gaul (Eds). In Classification, Clustering and Data Mining Applications (pp. 639–648). Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg.
Allen, D. (2006). Do Organizational Socialization Tactics Influence Newcomer Embeddedness and Turnover? Journal of Managemen, 32(2), 237–256. doi:10.1177/0149206305280103
Armstrong, J.S., &, Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402.
Bennett, D. A. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 464–469. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 842X.2001.tb00294.
Bergiel, E. B., Nguyen, V. Q., Clenney, B. F., & Stephen, T. G. (2009). Human resource practices, job embeddedness and intention to quit. Management Research News, 32(3), 205–219. doi:10.1108/01409170910943084
Bhave, D. P., Kramer, A., & Glomb, T. M. (2013). Pay satisfaction and work-family conflict across time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(5), 698–713. doi: 10.1002/job.1832
Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher Attrition and Retention: A Meta- Analytic and Narrative Review of the Research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367–409.
Campion, M. A. (1991). Meaning and measurement of turnover: Comparison of alternative measures and recommendations for research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 199–212. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.199
Chernick, M. R. (2008). Bootstrap methods. A guide for practitioners and researchers (2nd ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031– 1042.doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1031
Currall, S.C., Towler, A.J., Judge, T.A., &, Kohn, L. (2005). Pay Satisfaction and Organizational Outcomes.Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 613–640. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00245.x
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
Felps, W., Mitchell, T., Hekman, D., Lee, T., Holtom, B., & Harman, W. (2009). Turnover Contagion: How Coworkers’ Job Embeddedness and Job Search Behaviors Influence Quitting. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 545–561.
Gerhart, B. (1990). Voluntary turnover and alternative job opportunities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(5), 467–476. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.5.467
Graham, J. W. (2012). Missing data: Analysis and Design,. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Griffeth R.W, Steel R.P, Allen D.G, B. N. (2005). The development of a multidimensional measure of job market cognitions: the Employment Opportunity Index (EOI). Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 335–349.
Hair, Jr., J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P. & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. Chichester: John Willey & Sons Ltd.
Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed) Upper saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Internationa
Hancong Liu , Sirish Shah, & W. J. (2004). On-line outlier detection and data cleaning. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 28, 1635–1647.
Harman, H. H. (1960). Modern factor analysis. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press.
Harris, D. N., & Adams, S. J. (2007). Understanding the level and causes of teacher turnover: A comparison with other professions. Economics of Education Review, 26(3), 325–337. doi:10.1016/j
Hom, P. W., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Griffeth, R. W. (2012). Reviewing employee turnover: focusing on proximal withdrawal states and an expanded criterion. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 831–58. doi: 10.1037/a0027983
Hulin, C. L., Roznowski, M., & Hachiya, D. (1985). Alternative opportunities and withdrawal decisions: Empirical and theoretical discrepancies and an integration. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 233–250. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.233
Karanja, E., Zaveri, J., & Ahmed, A. (2013). How do MIS researchers handle missing data in survey-based research: A content analysis approach. International Journal of Information Management, 33(5), 734–751. doi:10.1016.2013.05.002
Lambert, D.M, & Harrington, T. (1990). Measuring nonresponse bias in customer service mail surveys. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5–25.
Lanying, D., & Fenfen, Z. (2010). A Study of the Relationship between Pay Satisfaction and Job Performance for Employees. In 2010 International Conference on E- Business and E-Government (pp. 896–899). IEEE.doi: 10.1109/ICEE.2010.232
Law, P. (2010). Examination of the actual turnover decisions of female auditors in public accounting. Managerial Auditing Journal, 25(5), 484–502. doi:10.1108/02686901011041858
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Sablynski, C. J., Burton, J. P., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The Effects of Job Embeddedness on Organizational Citizenship, Job Performance, Volitional Absences, and Voluntary Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 711–722. doi: 10.2307/20159613

Mat, N., & Naser, N. M. (2012). Workplace Spirituality and Counterproductive Work Behaviour (Cwb): A Malaysian Perspective. In 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (3rd Icber 2012) Proceeding (pp. 1148–1161).
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why People Stay: Using Job Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102–1121. doi: 10.2307/3069391
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237–240. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.62.2.237
Pallant, Y. (2011). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (3rd ed). England: McGraw Hill Open University Press.
Panaccio, A., Vandenberghe, C., & Ben Ayed, A. K. (2014). The role of negative affectivity in the relationships between pay satisfaction, affective and continuance commitment and voluntary turnover: A moderated mediation model. Human Relations, 67(7), 821–848. doi:10.1177/0018726713516377
Pearl, D. K. and Fairley, D. (1985). Testing for the potential for nonresponse bias in sample surveys.". Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 553–559.
Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi: 10.1037/0021- 9010.88.5.87
Richardson, H.A., Simmering, M.J., & Sturman, M. C. (2009). tale of three Perspective: Examining post hoc statistical techniques for detection and correlation of common variance. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 762–800. doi:10.1177/1094428109332834
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 3–14
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sheikh, K., & Mattingly, S. (1981). Investigating non-response bias in mail surveys. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 35(4), 293–6.
Singer, E. (2006). Nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 637?645. doi:10.1093/poq/nfl034.
Stanz, K. & Greyling, J. (2010). Turnover of nursing employees in a Gauteng hospital group. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif Vir Bedryfsielkunde, 36(1), 1–11.
Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed). Boston: Pearson Education Inc.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, S. L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson Education
Takawira, N., Coetzee, M., & Schreuder, D. (2014). Job embeddedness, work engagement and turnover intention of staff in a higher education institution: An exploratory study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(1), 10. doi:10.4102524
Tekleab, A. G., Bartol, K. M., & Liu, W. (2005). Is it pay levels or pay raises that matter to fairness and turnover? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(8), 899–921. doi:10.1002/job.352
Thibaut, J.W., & Kelley, H. . (1959). The social psychology og groups. New York: Wiley. doi.10.3860/ber.v20i2.1909
Yim F. H., Anderson, R. E. & Swaminathan, S. (2005). Customer Relationship Management:Its Dimensions and Effect on Customer Outcomes. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 24(4), 265–280
Umar, T. R., Shamsudin, F. M., Subramaniam, C. a/I, & Johari, J. (2015). Actual Voluntary Turnover, Job Embeddedness, Pay Satisfaction and Moderating Effect of Perceived Alternative Job Opportunities: Data Screening and Preliminary Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(10). 161-171.