Today networks and entering in to the networks are the main ways that people can promote their position in the organizations through them. Likewise, entering to the networks (formal and informal) is a major concern for newcomers who want to promote their scientific position.
Researchers show that despite the dramatic increase in the number of women at universities in Iran, they have problem of entering in to the scientific networks. This study attempts to identify and explain the women challenges for entering in to the male academic networks (old boys' networks) of Iran universities. In this article grounded theory approach as a qualitative research method is applied. We selected 18 faculty members through snowball sampling. Research data were collected using semi-structured interviews and through Strauss and Corbin comparison method. Researches findings suggest that legal, cultural and family barriers are the main barriers of entering women in to the old boys' networks in universities. Finally we explain strategies adopted from experts' comments to deal with these barriers.
1. Acker, J. (1992b). Gendering organizational theory. In A. J. Mills, & p. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizationalanalysis (pp. 248-260).
2. Adler, R. D., & Yates, R. M. (1993). Shattering the Glass Ceiling Myth to Attract Woman MBAs. SYMPOSIUM FOR THE MARKETING OF HIGHER EDUCATION (pp. 265-276). American Marketing Association.
3. Bac, M., & Inci, E. (2010). The Old?Boy Network and the Quality of Entrepreneurs. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy , 19 (4), 889-918.
4. Barr, A. (1998). Enterprise performance and the functional diversity of social capital. Working Paper. CSAE (University of Oxford). (Unpublished) .
5. Brass, D. (1985). Men’s and women’s networks: a study of interaction patterns and influence in an organization. Academy of Management Journal , 28, 327-343.
6. Brass, D., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H., & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and organizations: a multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal , 47, 795-817.
7. Brass, D., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H., & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and organizations: a multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal , 47, 795-817.
8. Burke, J., J.M., B., & G.M., R. (1995). The role of interpersonal networks in women’s and men’s career development. The international journal of career management , 7, 25-32.
9. Burke, R., & Mckeen, C. (1994). Career development among managerial and professional women. In M. Davidson, & R. Burke (Eds.), Women in management: current research issue (pp. 65-79). London: Paul Chapman.
10. Burke, R., Rothstein, M., & Bristor, J. (1995). Interpersonal networks of managerial and professional women and men: descriptive characteristics. Women in Management Review , 10, 21-27.
11. Daengbuppha, J., Hemmington, N., & Wilkes, K. (2006). Using grounded theory to model visitor experiences at heritage sites: Methodological and practical issues. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal , 9 (4), 367-388.
12. Fischer, C. (1982). To Dowell among Friends. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Fischer, C., & Oliker, S. (1983). A research note on friendship, gender and the life cycle. Social Forces , 62, 124-132.
14. Green, M. (1982). A Washington perspective on women and networking: the power and the pitfalls. Journal of NAWDAC , 17-21.
15. Hatami nasab, h., & aramoon, h. (2009). effect of social network on wemon developing in organization(case study: wemon in hospital). conferance of management. tehran, iran.
16. Henning, N., & Jardim, A. (1977). The managerial woman. New York: Ancho Books.
17. Ibarra, H. (1992). “Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly , 37, 422-447.
18. Israel, B., & Rounds, K. (1987). Social Networks and Social Support: A synthesis for health educators, Advances in Health Education and Promotion. Greenwich, CT.: JAI Press.
19. Kanter, R. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
20. Linehean, m. (2001). networking for female managers, career development. Empirical evidence. Journal of management development , 20, 823-829.
21. Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (1997). Human resource management (8th ed.). West Publishing Company.
22. Metz, I., & Tharenou, P. (2001). Women’s Career Advancement The Relative Contribution of Human and Social Capital. Group & Organization Management , 26 (3), 312-342.
23. Miller, T. R., & Lemons, M. A. (1998). Breaking the glass ceiling: Lessons from a management pioneer. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal , 63 (1).
24. Mirghafoori, s. h. (2006). important factor to challenges wemon for management (case study: yazd city). journal of wemon study (1).
25. Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., Van Velsor, E., & Leadership, C. f. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations? Addison-Wesley Pub.
26. O’Higgins, E. (2001). Senior Female International Managers: Why so Few? International Journal of Manpower , 22 (5), 475-486.
27. O’Leary, V., & Ickovics, J. (1992). Cracking the glass ceiling: Overcoming isolation and alienation. (U. Sekaran, & F. T. Leong, Eds.) Womanpower: Managing in times of demographic turbulence London: Sage.
28. organization, i. l. (1997). economically active population, 1950-2005. geneva: international labour organization.
29. organization, i. l. (1997). economically active population, 1950-2005. geneva: international labour organization.
30. Roper, D. (1980). the waning of the old boy network: placement, publishing and faculty selection. Improving College and University Teaching , 28, 12-18.
31. Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S., & Kumra, S. (2006). Women in formal corporate networks: an organizational citizenship perspective. Women in management rewiev , 21, 458-480.
32. Straus, A., & Corbin, J. (2008). Basics of Qualitatvie Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
33. Tharenou, P. .. (1999). Gender differences in advancing to the top. International Journal of Management Reviews , 1 (2), 111-132.
34. Timberlake, S. (2005). social capital and gender in work place. journal of management development , 24.
35. Timberlake, S. (2005). social capital and gender in work place. journal of management development , 24.
36. Van den Brink, M. '. (2011). Scouting for Talent: Appointment Practices of Women Professors in Academic Medicine. Social Science & Medicine , 72 (12), 2033–40.
37. Warner Burke, W. (1993). “Networking”. In N. Nicholson (Ed.), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behaviour. Blackwell Business, Oxford.
38. Wellman, B. ”. (1985). Domestic work, paid work and network. In S. Duck, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Understanding Personal Relationships. London: Sage Publications.
39. Wellman, B. (1988). The Community Question Re-evaluated. In M. P. Smith (Ed.), Power, Community and the City (pp. 81-107). New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
40. Wellman, B. (1999). The Network Community: An Introduction. In Networks in the Global Village (pp. 1-48). Westwood.
41. Wellman, B. (1992). Which Type of Ties and Networks Provide What kinds of Social Support? Advances in Group Processes , 9, 207-235.
Labafi, S., & Jalalpoor, M. (2015). Challenges of Women for Entering in to Old Boys Network Case Study: Iran Universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(4). 88-103.
Copyright: © 2015 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
