Arabic poetry represents a significant literary heritage that has shaped the development of the Arabic language and culture from the pre-Islamic (Jahiliyyah) era to the modern age. Nevertheless, the teaching of Arabic poetry to non-native learners, particularly Malay students, often faces considerable challenges in terms of linguistic comprehension, the complexity of poetic structures, and the limited interest in traditional literary materials. Accordingly, this study seeks to establish expert consensus on the principal components and their constituent elements as the foundation for developing an interactive learning module for Arabic poetry through augmented reality technology. The design phase, aimed at achieving expert agreement, employed the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) using a seven-point Likert scale. A total of ten experts from diverse academic and professional backgrounds participated as respondents. The collected data were analyzed using Triangular Fuzzy Numbering, while the ranking of items was determined via the Defuzzification process. The findings reveal that consensus was achieved, with a threshold value below 0.2 (d<0.2), a consensus level exceeding 75 per cent, and a fuzzy score (A) greater than 0.5. In sum, the expert-validated components and elements related to the interactive module for teaching Arabic poetry with augmented reality can yield an innovative and engaging learning tool, fully aligned with the pedagogical imperatives of 21st-century education, by integrating interactivity and immersive technological features.
Abdelhadi, A., & Belaid, L. (2025). Teachers’ perceptions of implementing student-generated videos as an authentic assessment tool in English language learning. Journal of Education, Society & Multiculturalism, 6(1), 81–101.
Abdullah, M. R. T. (2017). Didik Hibur dalam Pengajaran Bahasa Arab di Sekolah Rendah. Prosiding Persidangan Pendidikan Islam, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM).
Zaini, A. R. & Nasir, M. S. (2020). Penggunaan Teknologi dalam Pengajaran Bahasa Arab di Malaysia: Satu Tinjauan. Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM).
Adler, M., & Ziglio, E. (1996). Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Akhiriyani, A. (2024). The influence of the use of augmented reality technology in Arabic language learning on student learning motivation. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 2(1), 36–46.
Almelhes, S. (2024). Effective strategies for addressing non-native learners' challenges in Arabic language learning: Emphasizing syntactic complexities and script difficulties. Education in the Arab World, 14(10), 1–17.
AlMansour, A., & Youssef, H. (2023). Designing a holistic curriculum: balancing traditional Islamic teachings with modern academic disciplines in Islamic schools. Journal of Open Islamic Education Systems, 2(3), 45–58.
Ashari, M. Y., Huda, M. M., & Mahfudhoh, R. (2024). Enhancing Arabic writing skills through the genre-based approach in senior high school. Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, 4(2), 121-134
Aziz, A., & Hamzah, M. H. (2021). Gamifikasi dalam Pendidikan Bahasa Arab: Tinjauan Awal. Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, Institut Pendidikan Guru (IPG) & Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM).
Blasco-Blasco, O., Pinto-Delacadena, P.A., & Vinueza-Cabezas, A. (2025). Crafting a competency-based questionnaire based on Fuzzy Delphi: A proposal for enhanced hiring process. Qual Quant 59, 3245-3269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02086-x
Bozkus, E., & Kaya, ?. (2025). A fuzzy risk assessment approach based on Z?numbers for enhancing safety and human-robot collaboration in automotive sector. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2500064, 1-24.
Chen, B. (2025). Research on design and practice of ancient poetry educational games based on augmented reality (AR) technology: A case study of Traveling with Poets. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Internet, Education and Information Technology (IEIT 2025), 397–407.
Chen, S. H. (2000). Operations on fuzzy numbers with function principle. Tamkang Journal of Management Sciences, 6(1), 13–25.
Cheng, C. H., & Lin, Y. (2002). Evaluating the best main battle tank using fuzzy decision theory with linguistic criteria evaluation. European Journal of Operational Research, 142(1), 174–186.
Chu, H. C., & Hwang, G. J. (2008). A Delphi-based approach to developing expert systems with the cooperation of multiple experts. Expert Systems with Applications, 34(4), 2826–2840.
Darejeh, A., Marcusa, N., Mohammadi, G., & Sweller, J. (2024). A critical analysis of cognitive load measurement methods for evaluating the usability of different types of interfaces: Guidelines and framework for human–computer interaction. arXiv preprint. 1-33.
Fu, X. (2024). A study on user interface design analysis from the perspective of cognitive fatigue. David Publisher.
Guaña-Moya, J. (2024). Use of interactive technologies to increase motivation in university students: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1406.
Hamzah, N. H., Omar, I. M., & Mohd Radzi, N. (2024). Expert consensus on digital leadership competencies for school principals in Malaysia: A fuzzy Delphi approach. Management Research Journal, 13(2), 92–103.
Heidary, M., Ansari, R., Jahanyan, S., & Palizdar, Y. (2025). Investigating the causal relationships among the variables influencing the corporate innovation ecosystem the case of Mobarakeh Steel Company. Research in Production and Operations Management, 16(2), 95-120. doi: 10.22108/pom.2025.142493.1574
Jaafar, M. H. (2022). A meta-synthesis on technology-based learning among healthcare students in Southeast Asia. Medical Science Educator, 32(3), 657–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01564-3
Jones, H., & Twiss, B. C. (1978). Forecasting technology for planning decisions. Macmillan.
Kaufmann, A., & Gupta, M. M. (1988). Fuzzy mathematical models in engineering and management science. North-Holland.
Kenali, H., Yusoff, N., bt Mat Saad, N., Abdullah, H., & Kenali, A. (2019). The effects of language games on smartphones in developing Arabic speaking skills among non-native speakers. Creative Education, 10, 972-979. doi: 10.4236/ce.2019.105073.
Mutawa, A. M., Al Muttawa, J. A. K., & Sruthi, S. (2023). The effectiveness of using H5P for undergraduate students in the asynchronous distance learning environment. Applied Sciences, 13(8), 1-15.
Murray, T. J., Pipino, L. L., & Gigch, J. P. V. (1985). A pilot study of fuzzy set modification of Delphi. Human Systems Management, 5(1), 76–80.
Murry Jr, J. W., & Hammons, J. O. (1995). Delphi: A versatile methodology for conducting qualitative research. The Review of Higher Education, 18(4), 423–436.
Reynaert, V. (2024). Immersive poetry learning: A field study with middle school students. Frontiers in Education.
Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2007). Design and development research: Methods, strategies, and issues. Routledge.
Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6, 1–21.
Syahfutraa, W., Daud, W. A. W., & Hafezah, N. (2024). Application of fuzzy Delphi method in the design of reading digital module for university students in Riau. Arab World English Journal, 15(3), 67–88.
Vlachopoulos, D., & Makri, A. (2024). A systematic literature review on authentic assessment in higher education: Best practices for the development of 21st century skills and policy considerations. Educational Research Review, 34, 101–115.
Younes, M., & Altoma, S. (2023). Teaching Arabic poetry in modern curricula: Bridging the gap between tradition and contemporary learners. Language Learning in Higher Education, 13(1), 25–42.
Zainuddin, T., Amrullah, A. M. K., & Zuhriyah, I. A. (2025). The challenges of developing Islamic education curriculum and strategies for its development in facing future competency demands. Journal of Islamic Education Curriculum, 1(1), 78–95.
Zeng, Z. (2025). The application of fuzzy Delphi method for the development of STEM teaching model. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 14(1), 2061–2070.
Zhang, X. (2024). Use of AI in learning Arabic language by non-Arabic speakers. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 8(8), 2519-2532.
Bahrin, S. A. M. S., Hamid, M. F. A., Aziz, M. A., & Salleh, H. M. (2025). Application of the Fuzzy Delphi Technique in Designing an Augmented Reality-Based Module for Learning Arabic Poetry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(11), 702-718.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
