International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

The Korean Wave as a Marketing Catalyst: Gen Z Consumer Behavior toward Korean Food in Malaysia

Open access

Nur Nadhirah Zaini, Tini Maizura Mohtar, Izyanti Awang Razli, Azizi-Azaze Bin Haji Abdul Adis

Pages 773-793 Received: 25 Aug, 2025 Revised: 20 Sep, 2025 Published Online: 15 Oct, 2025

http://dx.doi.org/10.46886/IJARBSS/v15-i10/19021
The Korean Wave (Hallyu) has emerged as a global cultural phenomenon, influencing lifestyle trends and consumption patterns across Asia. In Malaysia, Gen Z consumers represent a strategic market segment whose food choices are increasingly shaped by media-driven fanaticism toward Korean entertainment. This study investigates how consumer fanaticism influences intention to consume Korean cuisine, drawing on Cultivation Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Using survey data from 523 Malaysian Gen Z respondents, the model was tested through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings reveal that fanaticism significantly enhances positive attitudes toward Korean food, which in turn mediates its impact on consumption intention. Normative social influence and perceived behavioral control also emerged as strong predictors of intention. These results contribute theoretically by integrating media influence with TPB to explain cross-cultural consumer behavior, and practically by offering insights for marketing management, food businesses, and policymakers. Specifically, F&B marketers can leverage celebrity endorsements, peer influence, and halal-certified accessibility to enhance market acceptance. The study highlights how cultural content consumption translates into consumer intention, providing a framework for businesses seeking to capitalize on the convergence of media, culture, and food marketing.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2015). Consumer Attitudes and Behavior: The Theory of Planned Behavior Applied To Food Consumption Decisions. Rivista Di Economia Agraria. 70(2), 121–138. Https://Doi.Org/10.13128/REA-18003
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1991). Prediction Of Leisure Participation from Behavioral, Normative, And Control Beliefs: An Application of The Theory of Planned Behavior. Leisure Sciences, 13(3), 185-204.
Ajzen, I., & Sheikh, S. (2012). Action Versus Inaction: Anticipated Affect in The Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal Of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 155-
Alam, S. S., & Sayuti, N. M. (2011). Applying The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) In Halal Food Purchasing. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(1), 8-20.
Ali, H. S., Wok, S. A., Manaf, A. M., & Jamalludin, H. (2019). The Adoption of Korean Popular Culture Among IIUM Students. Paper Presented at The LCE International, Holiday Inn, Melaka, Malaysia.
Ariffin, J. T., Bakar, H. A., & Yusof, N. H. (2018). Culture In Korean Drama Towards Influencing Malaysian Audiences. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management (IJIREM), 5(1), 3–10. Https://Doi.Org/10.21276/Ijirem.2018.5.1.3
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy Of the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499. Https://Doi.Org/10.1348/014466601164939
Bakar, A. R. A., Mahzan, N. A., Tarmizi, S. A. A., & Tumin, M. (2023). Plant-Based Meat as A Future Alternative: A Study of Malaysian Consumers' Purchase Intention. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 8 (7).
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84 (2), 191-215. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A., & National Institute of Mental Health. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bhatti, A., Bano, T.,&Rehman, S. I.(2019). Social Media And Consumer Satisfaction Effect On Consumer Purchase Intention With The Moderating Role Of Trust. International Journal Of Business Management, 4(2). Pp.131-141.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment And Loss: Retrospect And Prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52 (4), 664-678. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1939-0025.1982.Tb01456.X
Burnkrant, R. E., & Cousineau, A. (1975). Informational And Normative Social Influence In Buyer Behavior. Journal Of Consumer Research, 2 (3), 206-215.
Business Insider (2019), “Millennials, Baby Boomers, Gen X And Gen Z Share Their Most Beloved Brands”, Retrieved By: Www.Businessinsider.My/Millennials-Baby-Boomers-Gen-X-Favorite-Brands-Generations-2019-5/?R=Us&Ir=T
Cheah, I., Liang, J., & Phau, I. (2018). Idolizing "My Love from The Star": Idol Attachment and Fanaticism of Luxury Brands. Psychology & Marketing, 36 (2), 120-137. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Mar.21163
Chen, L., Chen, G., Ma, S., & Wang, S. (2022). Idol Worship: How Does It Influence Fan Consumers' Brand Loyalty? Frontiers In Psychology, 13, Article 850670. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fpsyg.2022.850670
Desai, K. K., & Basuroy, S. (2005). Interactive Influence of Genre Familiarity, Star Power, And Critics' Reviews in The Cultural Goods Industry: The Case of Motion Pictures. Psychology & Marketing, 22 (3), 203-223. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Mar.20055
Einhorn, L. 2020. Normative Social Influence On Meat Consumption (Mpifg Discussion Paper 20/1). Max Planck Institute For The Study Of Societies.
Follows, S. B., & Jobber, D. (2000). Environmentally Responsible Purchase Behavior: A Test of a Consumer Model. European Journal of Marketing, 34, 723-746. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/03090560010322009162. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1559-1816.2012.00989.X
Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward “Cultural Indicators”: The Analysis of Mass-Mediated Public Message Systems. AVCR, 17, 137–148. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/BF02769102
Ha, J. (2019). Why Do You Dine at Korean Restaurants? An Ethnic Food Consumption Model Approach. Journal Of Foodservice Business Research, 22 (1), 1-18. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/15378020.2019.1581039
Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Ed.). Sage Publications
Huang, Y. A., Lin, C., & Phau, I. (2015). Idol Attachment and Human Brand Loyalty. European Journal of Marketing, 49 (7/8), 1234–1255. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/EJM-07-2012-0416
Ing, G. P., Abdul Adis, A. A., & Osman, Z. (2018). Korean Wave and Malaysian Young Adults: Attitudes, Intention, And Behavior. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 5, 77–94. Retrieved From Https://Jurcon.Ums.Edu.My/Ojums/Index.Php/Mjbe/Article/Download/1603/1037
Islam, M. S., Karia, N., & Khaleel, M. (2019). Intention To Adopt Mobile Banking in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study Of Emerging Economy. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 31 (1), 136-151.
Jalaludin, N. H., & Ahmad, Z. (2011). Hallyu Di Malaysia, Kajian Sosiobudaya. Journal Komunikasi, 27 (2), 203-219.
Jang, G., & Paik, W. (2012). Korean Wave as A Tool for Korea’s New Cultural Diplomacy. Advances In Applied Sociology, 2, 196-202. Https://Doi.Org/10.4236/Aasoci.2012.23026
Jean S.Y. (2023). A Study on The Popularity Of K-Pop Among Teenagers in Malaysia. University Tunku Abdul Rahman. A Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Bachelor Of Communication (Honours) Broadcasting Faculty Of Creative Industries University Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Jeong, J. (2021). Korean Food Television and The Korean Nation (ISBN: 978-1-7936-0080-6). Lexington Books.
Jin, D. Y. (2016). New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in The Age of Social Media. Urbanan. Chicago: University Of Illinois Press.
Kabir, M. R., & Islam, S. 2022. Behavioral Intention to Purchase Organic Food: Bangladeshi Consumers' Perspective. British Food Journal, 124 (3), 754–774. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0472
Kassem, N. O., & Lee, J. W. (2004). Understanding Soft Drink Consumption Among Male Adolescents Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 27 (3), 273–296.
Khalek, A. A., Al-Qudsy, S. H. S. I., & Ibrahim, H. M. (2023). A Model Integrating Islamic Religiosity and The Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain The Dynamics Of Halal Consumption Behaviors. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 10 (1), 69–81.
Khalid, N. K. N., & Wok, S. (2020). The Influences of Korean Wave Among Young Adult Malay Muslim Women. Asian Journal of Applied Communication, 9 (2). E-ISSN: 2682-7506.
Kim, E. H., & Lee, S. K. (2015). Food As Part of Hallyu (Korean Wave). 2nd Seminar of King’s Asian CCI Research Society. Retrieved From Https://Kingsasiancci.Files.Wordpress.Com/2015/02/Food-As-Part-Of-Hallyu.Pdf
Kim, E., & Lee, J. H. (2019). Influence Of Characteristics, Attachment, And Self-Congruity of Korean Wave Human Brand on Brand Equity: Focused On Chinese Female Consumers. The Research Journal of The Costume Culture, 27 (5), 479–495.
Kim, H. K., & Sim, K. H. (2017). The Effects of Preferences Characteristics of Korean Wave Drama on Images, Attitudes, And Purchase Intention For Korean Cuisine Among Chinese Tourists. The Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition, 30 (3), 440–453.
Kit Teng, P., Abdullah, S. I. N. W., & Lim, B. J. H. (2021). The Future of Green Food Consumption in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 26, 80–109.
Kumar, A., & Smith, S. (2018). Understanding Local Food Consumers: Theory of Planned Behavior and Segmentation Approach. Journal Of Food Products Marketing, 24 (2), 196–215.
Kwon, D. Y., Soon-Hee, K., Chung, K. R., Daily, J. W., & Park, S. (2023). Science And Philosophy of Korean Traditional Foods (K-Food). Journal Of Ethnic Foods, 10, 26. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S42779-023-00194-3
Lim, C. S., Loo, J. L., Wong, S. C., & Hong, K. T. (2020). Purchase Intention of Korean Beauty Products Among Undergraduate Students. Journal Of Management Research, 12 (3), 19–40. Https://Doi.Org/10.5296/Jmr.V12i3.17149
Lim, R., & An, S. (2021). Intention To Purchase Wellbeing Food Among Korean Consumers: An Application of The Theory of Planned Behavior. Food Quality and Preference, 88, 104101. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Foodqual.2020.104101
Lim, Y. H., Lada, S., Ullah, R., & Abdul Adis, A. A. (2022). Non-Muslim Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Halal Food Products in Malaysia. Journal Of Islamic Marketing, 13 (3), 586–607.
Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars And Me: Predicting The Influence of Role Models on The Self. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (1), 91–103.
Loke, J. (2020). Korean Dramas: Viewing And Liking on Malaysian Youths’ Behavioral Intentions (Doctoral Dissertation, UTAR).
Md. Ariful Islam, Shanzida Khatun, & Taslima Begum. (2024). Fast-Food Consumption Intention Among High School Students in Bangladesh. Preprint (Version 1). Available At Research Square. Https://Doi.Org/10.21203/Rs.3.Rs-3993956/V1
Memon, M. A., Mirza, M. Z., Lim, B., Umrani, W. A., Hassan, M. A., Cham, T. H., & Shahzad, K. (2020). When In Rome, Do as The Romans Do: Factors Influencing International Students' Intention to Consume Local Food In Malaysia. British Food Journal, 122 (6), 1953–1967.
Mun, P. W. (2009), Marketing Functional Foods with Claims in Asia. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 20(5), 16-18.
Murnaghan, D., Blanchard, C., Rodgers, W., Larosa, J., Macquarrie, C., & Maclellan, D. (2010). Predictors Of Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, And Being Smoke-Free in Teens: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach. Psychology And Health, 25 (8), 925–941.
Nabi, R. L., & Riddle, K. (2008). Personality Traits, Television Viewing, And the Cultivation Effect. Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52 (3), 327–348. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/08838150802205181
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). The Assessment of Reliability. In Psychometric Theory (3rd Ed., Pp. 248–292).
Osman, S., & Ismail, N. F. M. (2022). The Influence of Korean Pop Culture on Purchasing Behavior of Korean Products Among Consumers in Klang Valley. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12 (10), 12–29. Https://Doi.Org/10.6007/Ijarbs/V12-I10/15193
Pew Research, (2019). “Defining Generations: Where Millennials End And Generation-Z Begins, Retrieved By: Https://Www.Pewresearch.Org/Short-Reads/2019/01/17/Where-Millennials-End-And-Generation-Z-Begins/
Rahmawati, H. (2023). Korean Drama and Popular Culture on Youth in RCTI From A Cultivation Theory Perspective. Persepsi: Communication Journal, 6 (1), 22-31. Https://Doi.Org/10.30596/Persepsi.V6il.14328
Razak, N.A.A., Rozekhi N. Azureen, Hussin Sharil. (2024). Acceptance Of Korean Food Culture Among Young Generations in Malaysia: Health and Authentic Taste Perspective. Information Management and Business Review (ISNN2220-3796) Vol.16. No.39s),1-15.
Rentechdigital.Com. Retrieved By: Https://Rentechdigital.Com/Smartscraper/Business-Report-Details/List-Of-Korean-Restaurants-In-Malaysia?
Saleki, R., Quoquab, F., & Mohammad, J. (2020). Factors Affecting Consumers' Intention to Purchase Organic Food: Empirical Study from The Malaysian Context. International Journal of Business Innovation And Research, 23 (2), 183–204.
Sandy, C. J., Gosling, S. D., & Durant, J. (2013). Predicting Consumer Behavior And Media Preferences: The Comparative Validity Of Personality Traits And Demographic Variables.Psychology&Marketing,30(11),937949. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Mar.20657
Sarstedt. M., Ringle M.C. And Hair. F. Joseph. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. Handbook Of Market Research. Springer. 1-47.
Seo, S., Kim, O. Y., & Shim, S. (2014). Using The Theory of Planned Behavior to Determine Factors Influencing Processed Foods Consumption Behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice, 8 (3), 327–335. Https://Doi.Org/10.4162/Nrp.2014.8.3.327
Shanahan, J., & Morgan, M. (1999). Television And Its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. Cambridge University Press. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/CBO9780511488924
Statista. (2022). Popularity Of South Korean Cuisine Worldwide In 2023. Retrieved From Https://Www.Statista.Comhttps://Www.Statista.Com/Statistics/1328139/South-Korea-Korean-Food-Popularity-Worldwide-By-Country/
Statista.Com. (2024). Food Industry In Malaysia -Statistics And Facts Https://Www.Statista.Com/Topics/11001/Food-Industry-In-Malaysia/?Utm_Source
Suleman, S., Sibghatullah, A., & Azam, M. (2021). Religiosity, Halal Food Consumption, And Physical Well-Being: An Extension of the TPB. Cogent Business & Management, 8 (1), 1860385.
Tan, X. N. (2023). Korean Wave in Malaysia: A Study on Purchasing Behavior of Malaysian Youth. Final Year Project, UTAR
Thanabordeekij, P., Prommawin, B., Laungsan, T., & Klinhom, A. (2022). The Impact of The Korean Wave on Korean Food Consumption of Thai Consumers. Journal Of ASEAN PLUS Studies, 3 (2), 48–59.
The Star. (2023). 6 Foods Made Popular By K-Drama. The Star.8 August 2023. Retrieved From Https://Www.Thestar.Com.My/Food/Food-News/2023/08/08/6-Foods-Made-Popular-By-K-Drama
Thorne Scott And Bruner C.Gordon. (2006). An Exploratory Investigation Of The Characteristics Of Consumer Fanaticism. Qualitative Market Research An International Journal.9(1). 51-72. Doi:10.1108/13522750610640558
Ting, H., Chuah, F., De Run, E. C., Phung, M., & Cheah, J. H. (2015). Ethnic Food Consumption Intention: A Groundwork Study on Consuming Dayak Food Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Conference Proceedings from the 11th Asian Academy of Management International Conference, October 2-4, Park Royal Hotel, Penang.
Triastuti, E., And Sandi, Z.A. (2020). Fandom As a Reward Industry: Pleasures in Pop Music Fan Engagement and Participation Within Online Social Networking in Indonesia’s Context. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research. ISSN:2672-7080
Vân Anh, ?. T. (2023). Idol Attachment, Consumer Fanaticism And Purchase Intention Of Young Vietnamese Consumers: The Mediation Of FOMO.
Wan, N. C. W. M. K. (2022). A Systematic Review on The Influence of Product Placement (PPL) In Korean Drama and Its Effects Towards Youth Purchase Intention on Korean Products In Malaysia. Forum Komunikasi, 17 (1), 87–99.
Yang, R. J., H. Yang, H., Chung, J., Jin, B. E., Jeong, S. W., & Nasution, R. A. (2020). Business Implications for Korean Products Entering the Multicultural Malaysian Market. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 22 (2).
Youna, K. (2022). Soft Power of The Korean Wave: Parasite, BTS And Drama. Routledge. ISBN: 9781003102489 (E-Book).
Zakaria, Z., & Mohd Amin, A. U. (2021). Hallyu Dan Impaknya Terhadap Pensijilan Halal Makanan Korea di Malaysia: Suatu Penelitian. 1 (2).
Zaini, N. N., Mohtar, T. M., Razli, I. A., & Adis, A.-A. B. H. A. (2025). The Korean Wave as a Marketing Catalyst: Gen Z Consumer Behavior toward Korean Food in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(10), 773–793.