Abu-Snoubar, T. K., & Mukattash, B. K. (2021). The place of Arabic in English as a foreign language university level classes in Jordan. Arab World English Journal, 12(2), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.17
Al-Khasawneh, F. M., & Al-Omari, M. A. (2015). Motivations towards learning English: The case of Jordanian gifted students. International Journal of Education, 7(2), 306–321. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v7i2.7699
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dörnyei, Z. (2006). Individual differences in second language acquisition. AILA Review, 19(1), 42–68. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.05dor
Gao, L., & Liu, H. (2022). Revisiting students’ foreign language learning demotivation: From concepts to themes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1030634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1030634
Gardner, B., Rebar, A. L., de Wit, S., & Lally, P. (2024). What is habit and how can it be used to change real-world behaviour? Narrowing the theory–reality gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, e12975. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12975
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C. (2001). Integrative motivation and second language acquisition. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 1–20). University of Hawai’i Press.
Hasnat, M. A., Rahman, K., Khandakar, H., Kalam, F. A., & Hasan, K. K. (2025). A brief study of motivation in English as a second language learning in Bangladesh. The Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 15(1), 74–97. https://www.jltl.com.tr/index.php/jltl/article/view/682/219
Hennebry-Leung, M., & Lamb, M. (2024). Language learning motivation in diverse educational contexts. English Teaching & Learning, 48(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-024-00179-8
Jafri, U. A. (2022). Motivational orientations and the motivation of Pakistani ESL learners: A review. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp221-242
Jalalzai, N. N., Khan, F. U., Khaliq, A., & Sajjad, S. K. (2023). Exploring the relationship between students’ learning attitudes and academic motivation in ESL learning environments: A correlational study. International Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 4(1), 153–163. https://ijbmsarchive.com/index.php/jbmis/issue/view/13
Khalid, A. (2016). A study of the attitudes and motivational orientations of Pakistani learners toward the learning of English as a second language. SAGE Open, 6(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016665887
Khan, T. J., Aamir, M. S., & Khan, Z. M. (2024). Cognitive and social factors influencing L2 reading motivation among ESL students of Pakistan: A case study. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 8(1), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2024(8-I)41
Liu, Y. (2022). Investigating the role of English as a foreign language learners’ academic motivation and language mindset in their grit: A theoretical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 872014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872014
Ma, L., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Reading motivation and reading comprehension achievement among English majors in China: A descriptive correlational study. Heliyon, 11(5), e42427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42427
Papi, M., & Khajavy, G. H. (2021). Motivational mechanisms underlying second language achievement: A regulatory focus perspective. Language Learning, 71(2), 537–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12443
Pathan, Z. H., Ismail, S. A. M. M., & Fatima, I. (2021). English language learning demotivation among Pakistani university students: Do resilience and personality matter? Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(4), 1024–1042. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-04-2020-0087
Rahman, S., & Pandian, A. (2018). A critical investigation of English language teaching in Bangladesh: Unfulfilled expectations after two decades of communicative language teaching. English Today, 34(3), 43–49.
Ramirez-Arellano, A. (2024). Effects of personality and motivation on students’ academic engagement and metacognitive-cognitive strategies. SAGE Open, 14(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241295845
Shahzad, K., & Khan, S. A. (2025). Impact of motivation and continuing professional development upon job performance and satisfaction level of reference librarians in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 74(5–6), 1487–1510. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-02-2023-0069
Teimouri, Y., Plonsky, L., & Tabandeh, F. (2022). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820921895
Wang, C., Zhu, S., & Zhang, H. (2022). Understanding the importance of motivational intensity in English as a foreign language context: A structural equation modeling analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1020558. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020558
Abu-Snoubar, T. K., & Mukattash, B. K. (2021). The place of Arabic in English as a foreign language university level classes in Jordan. Arab World English Journal, 12(2), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.17
Al-Khasawneh, F. M., & Al-Omari, M. A. (2015). Motivations towards learning English: The case of Jordanian gifted students. International Journal of Education, 7(2), 306–321. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v7i2.7699
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dörnyei, Z. (2006). Individual differences in second language acquisition. AILA Review, 19(1), 42–68. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.05dor
Gao, L., & Liu, H. (2022). Revisiting students’ foreign language learning demotivation: From concepts to themes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1030634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1030634
Gardner, B., Rebar, A. L., de Wit, S., & Lally, P. (2024). What is habit and how can it be used to change real-world behaviour? Narrowing the theory–reality gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, e12975. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12975
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C. (2001). Integrative motivation and second language acquisition. In Z. Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 1–20). University of Hawai’i Press.
Hasnat, M. A., Rahman, K., Khandakar, H., Kalam, F. A., & Hasan, K. K. (2025). A brief study of motivation in English as a second language learning in Bangladesh. The Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 15(1), 74–97. https://www.jltl.com.tr/index.php/jltl/article/view/682/219
Hennebry-Leung, M., & Lamb, M. (2024). Language learning motivation in diverse educational contexts. English Teaching & Learning, 48(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-024-00179-8
Jafri, U. A. (2022). Motivational orientations and the motivation of Pakistani ESL learners: A review. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp221-242
Jalalzai, N. N., Khan, F. U., Khaliq, A., & Sajjad, S. K. (2023). Exploring the relationship between students’ learning attitudes and academic motivation in ESL learning environments: A correlational study. International Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 4(1), 153–163. https://ijbmsarchive.com/index.php/jbmis/issue/view/13
Khalid, A. (2016). A study of the attitudes and motivational orientations of Pakistani learners toward the learning of English as a second language. SAGE Open, 6(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016665887
Khan, T. J., Aamir, M. S., & Khan, Z. M. (2024). Cognitive and social factors influencing L2 reading motivation among ESL students of Pakistan: A case study. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 8(1), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2024(8-I)41
Liu, Y. (2022). Investigating the role of English as a foreign language learners’ academic motivation and language mindset in their grit: A theoretical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 872014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872014
Ma, L., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Reading motivation and reading comprehension achievement among English majors in China: A descriptive correlational study. Heliyon, 11(5), e42427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42427
Papi, M., & Khajavy, G. H. (2021). Motivational mechanisms underlying second language achievement: A regulatory focus perspective. Language Learning, 71(2), 537–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12443
Pathan, Z. H., Ismail, S. A. M. M., & Fatima, I. (2021). English language learning demotivation among Pakistani university students: Do resilience and personality matter? Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(4), 1024–1042. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-04-2020-0087
Rahman, S., & Pandian, A. (2018). A critical investigation of English language teaching in Bangladesh: Unfulfilled expectations after two decades of communicative language teaching. English Today, 34(3), 43–49.
Ramirez-Arellano, A. (2024). Effects of personality and motivation on students’ academic engagement and metacognitive-cognitive strategies. SAGE Open, 14(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241295845
Shahzad, K., & Khan, S. A. (2025). Impact of motivation and continuing professional development upon job performance and satisfaction level of reference librarians in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 74(5–6), 1487–1510. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-02-2023-0069
Teimouri, Y., Plonsky, L., & Tabandeh, F. (2022). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820921895
Wang, C., Zhu, S., & Zhang, H. (2022). Understanding the importance of motivational intensity in English as a foreign language context: A structural equation modeling analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1020558. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020558
Ullah, F., Paee, R., & Ramanair, J. (2025). Motivational Intensity, Desire, and Attitudes: An Analysis of Pakistani Undergraduates’ Motivation to Learn English. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(8), 1928–1936.
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