Language is more than a tool of communication; it is the foundation of culture, identity, and cognition. In education, the use of a learner’s mother tongue is not only a matter of linguistic preference but a decisive factor influencing academic performance, literacy development, and social inclusion. This study emphasizes the importance of mother-tongue-based instruction as a key driver of effective learning, equity, and cultural preservation, making it an urgent area of research in multilingual societies. Drawing on global and regional studies, theoretical perspectives such as Cummins’ Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis, and comparative data from countries including Malaysia, India, and South Africa, the paper demonstrates that instruction in the mother tongue significantly improves comprehension, retention, critical thinking, and participation, while reducing dropout rates. The findings highlight the utility and effectiveness of mother-tongue education not only for students who benefit from stronger academic outcomes but also for teachers, parents, and policymakers, who gain more efficient pedagogy, greater community trust, and sustainable educational progress. The study concludes with policy recommendations for integrating mother tongue education into national language and education systems, reinforcing its necessity as a foundation for inclusive, high-quality, and future-ready education.
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