The IP animation industry in China is currently experiencing rapid growth, yet systematic theoretical research on audience engagement behavior remains scarce, especially regarding an integrated framework that combines personal factors and environmental factors. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel theoretical framework combining Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Aaker’s Brand Equity Model (BEM) to analyze audience engagement behaviors in IP animated films. By synthesizing personal factors (IP awareness, IP loyalty, IP associations, perceived quality) and environmental factors (film production, film promotion, film distribution), this study provides a holistic perspective to understand how cognitive, emotional, and environmental factors jointly shape audience engagement behavior. The framework is contextualized within China’s booming IP animation sector, with implications for global media industries seeking to leverage cultural IPs. The paper highlights the mediating role of audience attitudes and provides actionable insights for filmmakers and policymakers to enhance engagement strategies.
Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. Free Press google schola, 2, 102-120.
Aaker, D. A. (1992). The value of brand equity. Journal of business strategy, 13(4), 27-32.
Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California management review, 38(3).
Afifah, N., Daud, I., & Mulyadina, M. (2022). Viewer behavior on social media: Viral marketing of a movie trailer in Indonesia. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 24(2), 178-197.
Almeida, M. d. G. M. C., & Coelho, A. F. M. (2019). The antecedents of corporate reputation and image and their impacts on employee commitment and performance: The moderating role of CSR. Corporate Reputation Review, 22, 10-25.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action. In: Englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (2013). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. In Understanding and changing health behaviour (pp. 299-339). Psychology Press.
Belaid, S., & Temessek Behi, A. (2011). The role of attachment in building consumer?brand relationships: an empirical investigation in the utilitarian consumption context. Journal of product & brand management, 20(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610421111108003
Bennett, R., Härtel, C. E., & McColl-Kennedy, J. R. (2005). Experience as a moderator of involvement and satisfaction on brand loyalty in a business-to-business setting 02-314R. Industrial marketing management, 34(1), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.08.003
Brodie, R. J., Ilic, A., Juric, B., & Hollebeek, L. (2013). Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.029
Çabuk, S., Tanrikulu, C., & Gelibolu, L. (2014). Understanding organic food consumption: attitude as a mediator. International Journal of consumer studies, 38(4), 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12094
Cachero-Martínez, S., & Vázquez-Casielles, R. (2021). Building consumer loyalty through e-shopping experiences: The mediating role of emotions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102481
Calder, B. J., Isaac, M. S., & Malthouse, E. C. (2016). How to capture consumer experiences: A context-specific approach to measuring engagement: Predicting consumer behavior across qualitatively different experiences. Journal of advertising research, 56(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2015-028
Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of marketing, 65(2), 81-93.
Chen, H., Chen, Y., & Chen, J. (2024). Protecting teenagers' gaming privacy: the roles of parental mediation, platform protection, and risky encounters. Behaviour & Information Technology, 43(14), 3578-3591. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2023.2285941
Chen, K., & Cho, S.-W. (2024). Modernizing Chinese Mythological IP: A Defamiliarization Analysis of" Nezha: I am the Destiny. Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange (APJCRI), 10, 461-471. https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2024.01.36
Dick, A. S., & Basu, K. (1994). Customer loyalty: toward an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 22, 99-113.
Domínguez-Valerio, C. M., Moral-Cuadra, S., Medina-Viruel, M. J., & Orgaz-Agüera, F. (2019). Attitude as a mediator between sustainable behaviour and sustainable knowledge: An approximation through a case study in the Dominican Republic. Social Sciences, 8(10), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8100288
Fei, T. P., Kasim, S., Hassan, R., Ismail, M. N., Salikon, M. Z. M., Ruslai, H., Jahidin, K., & Arshad, M. S. (2017). SWM: Smart waste management for green environment. 2017 6th ICT International Student Project Conference (ICT-ISPC),
Feng, G. C. (2017). The dynamics of the Chinese film industry: factors affecting Chinese audiences’ intentions to see movies. Asia Pacific Business Review, 23(5), 658-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2017.1294353
Feng, H. (2022). Reconstruction of Mythic Imagination, Modern Identity, and Cross-media Exploration A Case Study of the Gods of Honour-Series Films of COLOROOM. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 18, 540-545. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v18i.1159
Filieri, R., Acikgoz, F., & Du, H. (2023). Electronic word-of-mouth from video bloggers: The role of content quality and source homophily across hedonic and utilitarian products. Journal of Business Research, 160, Article 113774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113774
Han, H. (2015). Travelers' pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.014
Hassan Fathelrahman Mansour, I., & Mohammed Elzubier Diab, D. (2016). The relationship between celebrities’ credibility and advertising effectiveness: The mediation role of religiosity. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 7(2), 148-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2013-0036
Hassija, V., Chamola, V., Mahapatra, A., Singal, A., Goel, D., Huang, K., Scardapane, S., Spinelli, I., Mahmud, M., & Hussain, A. (2024). Interpreting black-box models: a review on explainable artificial intelligence. Cognitive Computation, 16(1), 45-74.
Haw, W. Y., Ho, E., Lim, Y. L., & Wong, J. W. (2013). The effect of trailer, critic review, star power and word of mouth toward decision making on movie consumption UTAR].
Hemsworth, D., Sánchez?Rodríguez, C., & Bidgood, B. (2005). Determining the impact of quality management practices and purchasing?related information systems on purchasing performance: A structural model. Journal of Enterprise information management, 18(2), 169-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390510579909
Hollebeek, L. (2011). Exploring customer brand engagement: definition and themes. Journal of strategic Marketing, 19(7), 555-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2011.599493
Hosen, M., Ogbeibu, S., Giridharan, B., Cham, T.-H., Lim, W. M., & Paul, J. (2021). Individual motivation and social media influence on student knowledge sharing and learning performance: Evidence from an emerging economy. Computers & Education, 172, 104262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104262
Hsu, C.-L., & Chen, M.-C. (2018). How does gamification improve user experience? An empirical investigation on the antecedences and consequences of user experience and its mediating role. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132, 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.023
Hu, Y.-H., Shiau, W.-M., Shih, S.-P., & Chen, C.-J. (2018). Considering online consumer reviews to predict movie box-office performance between the years 2009 and 2014 in the US. The Electronic Library, 36(6), 1010-1026. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-02-2018-0040
Husain, R., Ahmad, A., & Khan, B. M. (2022). The impact of brand equity, status consumption, and brand trust on purchase intention of luxury brands. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), Article 2034234. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2034234
Hwang, Y., Kim, K., Kwon, O., Moon, I., Shin, G., Ham, J., & Park, J. (2017). Analyzing box-office hit factors using big data: Focusing on Korean films for the last 5 years. https://doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2017.15.4.217
Ji, H., Liao, B., & Cheng, J. (2024). Research on brand spillover effect of China’s IP movie based on signal theory. 2024 10th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2024),
Jia-yi, F., Yan-qiao, L., Qi-xing, Q., & Li, Z. (2022). Creating cultural brand equity from the perspective of consumer cognition–a case study of Chinese animation brands. Procedia Computer Science, 199, 589-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.072
Jiang, Q., & Chung, J.-H. (2022). A Case Study of Intellectual Property Rights Using Animation Characters. Journal of Digital Convergence, 20(2), 361-366. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2022.20.2.361
Jones, T., & Taylor, S. F. (2007). The conceptual domain of service loyalty: how many dimensions? Journal of Services Marketing, 21(1), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040710726284
Ju-Ae, B. (2024). The Revival of Chinese Animation Through Traditional Culture [research-article]. The Journal of Sinology, 82, 309-323. https://doi.org/10.23004/kchcu.2024..82.017
Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 1-22.
Keller, K. L. (2013). Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity.
Kim, B.-K. (2019). A Study on Development of Chinese xian-xia films and its Space Aesthetics in the 21st Century -Foucuse on Journey to the West films [research-article]. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology, 9(2), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.22156/CS4SMB.2019.9.2.115
Kim, E., & Han, S. (2021). Determinants of Continuance Intention to Use Health Apps among Users over 60: A Test of Social Cognitive Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), Article 10367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910367
Kim, J., & ???. (2015). Study on Determinants of Intention to Watch Movie Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior: Focused on Role of Presentation Format of Movie Poster [???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??: ????? ????? ????? ????] [research-article]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(6), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.10.6.201512.177
Kohli, G. S., Yen, D., Alwi, S., & Gupta, S. (2021). Film or film brand? UK consumers’ engagement with films as brands. British Journal of Management, 32(2), 369-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12401
Kumar, V. (2013). Profitable customer engagement: Concepts, metrics, and strategies. (No Title).
Lau, M.-c. (2024). Research on the Modernization Innovation of the Traditional Chinese God Evil Spirit Novel "The Investiture of the Gods" - Centered on “Jiang Ziya” [research-article]. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 24(7), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2024.24.07.227
Lee, Y., Kim, S. H., & Cha, K. C. (2021). Impact of online information on the diffusion of movies: Focusing on cultural differences. Journal of Business Research, 130, 603-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.044
Lin, H. Y., & Hsu, M. H. (2015). Using social cognitive theory to investigate green consumer behavior. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(5), 326-343. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1820
Lou, C., & Xie, Q. (2021). Something social, something entertaining? How digital content marketing augments consumer experience and brand loyalty. International Journal of Advertising, 40(3), 376-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1788311
Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D., & Lu, C. Y. (2015). Authenticity perceptions, brand equity and brand choice intention: The case of ethnic restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 50, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.07.008
Luo, J. (2020). Exploration of Animation Ip Adaptation Mode Based on Internet Plus Background and New Media Context. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 3(10), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJHSS.2020.031005
Madawala, K., Foroudi, P., & Palazzo, M. (2023). Exploring the role played by entrepreneurial self-efficacy among women entrepreneurs in tourism sector. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 74, Article 103395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103395
Miniard, P. W., Jayanti, R. K., Alvarez, C. M., & Dickson, P. R. (2018). What brand extensions need to fully benefit from their parental heritage. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 46, 948-963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-018-0586-5
Mohd Suki, N. (2014). Does celebrity credibility influence Muslim and non-Muslim consumers’ attitudes toward brands and purchase intention? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5(2), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-04-2013-0024
Monaco, P. (2023). A history of American movies: a film-by-film look at the art, craft, and business of cinema. Rowman & Littlefield.
Muchran, M., & Ahmar, A. S. (2019). Application of TAM model to the use of information technology. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.11358. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1901.11358
Niraj, R., & Singh, J. (2015). Impact of user-generated and professional critics reviews on Bollywood movie success. Australasian Marketing Journal, 23(3), 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2015.02.001
Owusu Kwateng, K., Yobanta, A. L., & Amanor, K. (2021). Hedonic and utilitarian perspective of mobile phones purchase intention. Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science, 4(1), 44-68.
Pan, Y., Choi, C., & Meng, Z. (2019). Research on the Development of One IP(intellectual property) Animation & Game in Chinese Market [research-article]. The International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 11(2), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2019.11.2.67
Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2006). Consumer?based brand equity and country?of?origin relationships: Some empirical evidence. European Journal of marketing, 40(5/6), 696-717. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560610657903
Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., & Iacobucci, D. (2010). Brand attachment and brand attitude strength: Conceptual and empirical differentiation of two critical brand equity drivers. Journal of marketing, 74(6), 1-17.
Parraga, I. M. (1990). Determinants of food consumption.
Peng, B. (2023). Ancient for the Present: Analyzing Traditional Cultural Elements and Unique Modernity in Contemporary Animation Films. Highlights in Art and Design, 3(3), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.54097/hiaad.v3i3.11184
Peng, X., Song, X., & Horsey, E. M. (2023). The necessity of others: Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, TMT collective efficacy, CEO-TMT interface, and entrepreneurial orientation. Frontiers in psychology, 14, Article 1095978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1095978
Pike, S., & Bianchi, C. (2016). Destination brand equity for Australia: testing a model of CBBE in short-haul and long-haul markets. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(1), 114-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013491604
Rai, J. S., Yousaf, A., Itani, M. N., & Singh, A. (2021). Sports celebrity personality and purchase intention: the role of endorser-brand congruence, brand credibility and brand image transfer. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 11(3), 340-361. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-06-2020-0062
Rastini, N. M., & Respati, N. N. R. (2021). Public attitudes and interests in using online transactions (TAM application and TRA model). Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 8(1), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v8i1.21348
Ren, Y., Choe, Y., & Song, H. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of brand equity: Evidence from Starbucks coffee brand. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 108, 103351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103351
Richardson, P. S., Jain, A. K., & Dick, A. (1996). Household store brand proneness: A framework. Journal of retailing, 72(2), 159-185.
Rolling, T. E., & Hong, M. Y. (2016). The effect of social cognitive theory-based interventions on dietary behavior within children. J Nutr Health Food Sci, 4(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2016.00179
Rubenstein, L. D., Ridgley, L. M., Callan, G. L., Karami, S., & Ehlinger, J. (2018). How teachers perceive factors that influence creativity development: Applying a Social Cognitive Theory perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 70, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.11.012
Rubin, D., Mohr, I., & Kumar, V. (2022). Beyond the box office: A conceptual framework for the drivers of audience engagement. Journal of Business Research, 151, 473-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.07.021
Saeed, F., & G. Grunert, K. (2014). Expected and experienced quality as predictors of intention to purchase four new processed beef products. British Food Journal, 116(3), 451-471. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2011-0262
Shahangian, S. A., Tabesh, M., & Yazdanpanah, M. (2021). Psychosocial determinants of household adoption of water-efficiency behaviors in Tehran capital, Iran: Application of the social cognitive theory. Urban Climate, 39, 100935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100935
Sharma, R. (2016). Effect of celebrity endorsements on dimensions of customer-based brand equity: Empirical evidence from Indian luxury market. Journal of Creative Communications, 11(3), 264-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258616667185
Sharma, R., & Jain, V. (2019). CSR, trust, brand loyalty and brand equity: empirical evidences from sportswear industry in the NCR region of India. Metamorphosis, 18(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972622519853158
Shimul, A. S., Phau, I., & Lwin, M. (2019). Conceptualising luxury brand attachment: scale development and validation. Journal of Brand Management, 26, 675-690. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-019-00158-6
Siddiqui, K. (2022). Brand equity trend analysis for fashion brands (2001-2021). Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 13(3), 238-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/20932685.2022.2032792
Siu, N. Y.-M., Kwan, H. Y., & Zeng, C. Y. (2016). The role of brand equity and face saving in Chinese luxury consumption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(4), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-08-2014-1116
Srinivasan, V., Park, C. S., & Chang, D. R. (2005). An approach to the measurement, analysis, and prediction of brand equity and its sources. Management science, 51(9), 1433-1448. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0405
Suvattanadilok, M. (2021). Social media activities impact on the decision of watching films in cinema. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1920558. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1920558
Ulker-Demirel, E., Akyol, A., & Simsek, G. G. (2018). Marketing and consumption of art products: the movie industry. Arts and the Market, 8(1), 80-98. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAM-06-2017-0011
Verma, P., & Sinha, N. (2017). Role of attitude as mediator of the perceived ease of use and behavioural intention relationship. International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy, 10(3), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMCP.2017.085831
Wang, S., Hung, K., & Huang, W.-J. (2019). Motivations for entrepreneurship in the tourism and hospitality sector: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.11.018
Wang, Y.-C., Qu, H., & Yang, J. (2020). Love spillover from a hotel sub-brand to its corporate brand: An associative network theory perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.006
Wei, L., & Yang, Y. (2022). An empirical investigation of director selection in movie preproduction: A two-sided matching approach. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39(3), 888-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.11.001
Wei, Y., Perumal, V., & Sitharan, R. (2023). Analysis of Chinese animation movies and its impact on cultural identity. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Creative Multimedia 2022,
Wu, Q., & Niyomsilp, E. (2022). THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR OF CHINA’S NEW MAINSTREAM FILM AUDIENCES. Sripatum Chonburi Academic Journal, 19(1), 24-38.
Wu, X., & Niyomsilp, E. (2020). Factors Influencing Viewing Behavior of Streaming Self—produced Movies Among Shanxi Province Chinese College Students. Hum. Behav. Dev. Soc, 21, 97-107.
Xu, X., Pu, Y., Sharma, M., Rao, Y., Cai, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Predicting physical activity and healthy nutrition behaviors using social cognitive theory: Cross-sectional survey among undergraduate students in Chongqing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111346
Xuan, Y., & Hoon, K. S. (2020). Interactive Innovation of Chinese Animation Contents in Trans-media Strategy - take "One Hundred Thousand Cold Jokes" as an example [research-article]. Journal of Basic Design & Art, 21(1), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.47294/ksbda.21.1.24
Yan, J., Lee, B. C., & Yun, T. (2021). A study on the elements of Chinese animation IP (intellectual property) development based on the pan-entertainment industry. International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 13(1), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2021.13.1.168
Yang, Y. S. (2009). The resort hotel experience: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to antecedents and consequences.
Yeol, C. H., Daechun, A., & Lee, H.-J. (2012). The Effects of Human Brand Powers on Selecting Movies: In Case of Actors and Directors in Hallyu Renaissance [??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? - ?? ????? ??? ???? -] [research-article]. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 26(4), 135-153.
Yoga, I. M. S., & Hendrawan, I. G. Y. (2019). Blackbox movies: the transformation of private cinema into multi-channel advertising media. International Journal of Business, Economics and Management, 3(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.31295/ijbem.v3n1.112
Yoo, B., & Donthu, N. (2001). Developing and validating a multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of Business Research, 52(1), 1-14.
Zaman, S., Ahmed, H., Shakil, M. H., Rafiq, M., & Ali, F. (2024). Navigating ambitions: unveiling entrepreneurial intentions in family business through social cognitive theory. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-12-2023-2543
Zhang, W., & Li, Y. (2020). Research on Subversive Adaptation from Domestic Classic Originals to Animations by Using Films “Ne Zha” and “Monkey King: Hero is Back” as Examples. Frontiers in Art Research, 2(4), 05-08. https://doi.org/10.25236/FAR.2020.020402
Zhen, F., & Mansor, N. (2022). Conditions for comic-animation adaptation of network literature in China: A preliminary study amongst undergraduate students. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 15(1), 43-58.
Zhou, W., Dong, J., & Zhang, W. (2023). The impact of interpersonal interaction factors on consumers’ purchase intention in social commerce: a relationship quality perspective. Industrial management & data systems, 123(3), 697-721. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-06-2022-0392
Wu, J., Yasin, M. A. I., & Ng, C. F. (2025). Integrating Social Cognitive Theory and Brand Equity Models: A Framework for Analyzing Audience Engagement Behavior in IP Animated Films. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(8), 773–789.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode