This study get its inspiration from foundational ideas of Resource-Based Theory (RBT) introduced by Penrose (2009). This study endeavours at providing answers to the research questions by testing three (3) related hypotheses. The general objective of this research study is to evaluate the effect of strategic management practices on performance of four private universities identified within the territories of Awutu Senya East and Ga South municipal District of the Greater Accra. In conducting research, the study employed a mixed method approach. The target population for this study were all the management and staffs in the various four universities. The study used the non-probability (purposive) sampling method. A sample size of the study was one hundred and two (152) management and staffs. Data was collected through the issue of a structured questionnaire made up of twenty (20) questions was administered to various selected private universities. The result for both dependent and independent variables analysed and interpreted with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 and MS Excel. The study establishes the R2 to be 0.667 implying that 66.7% of performance of private universities in Ghana is explained by strategy formulation, strategy implementation, strategy evaluation leaving (22.3%) unexplained. The study suggest to the private university authorities should engage or seek more participation from the lecturers and other staff when formulation of universities mission and vision for improvement in the performance of the college.
Addae-Korankye, A., & Aryee, B. A. (2023). The relationship between strategic management practices and the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. Journal of Business Management, 12(3), 35-47. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. https://doi.org/10.1201/jbm-2023-12
Ajadi, T. O. (2010). Private universities in Nigeria: The challenges ahead. American Journal of Scientific Research, 7, 15–24.
Alberta, C. (2016). Strategic planning and performance of public universities in Ghana: A case of KNUST. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 4(3), 15–28.
AlDhaheri, A., Ameen, A., & Isaac, O. (2020). Strategy formulation and performance: The role of organizational environment. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(5), 1235–1241. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.E4933.018520
Aldhaheri, F., Ameen, A., & Isaac, O. (2020). The influence of strategy formulation (vision, mission, and goals) on the organizational operations. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(17), 1932–1941. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.17.240
Alfalasi, M. A., Ameen, A., Isaac, O., & Khalifa, G. S. A. (2020). The impact of strategic practices on organizational performance. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(7), 6826–6840.
Ali Ameen, A., Al-Ali, S. A., & Isaac, O. (2019). Examining the role of strategic practices in higher education institutions: A case study. International Journal of Management and Human Science, 3(1), 1–13.
Alshamsi, A., Ameen, A., Nusari, M., Abuelhassan, A. E., & Bhumic, R. (2019). Strategic management practices and organizational performance in UAE universities. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2S11), 4184–4188.
Ameen, A., Al Ali, D., Isaac, O., & Mohammed, F. (2020). Examining relationship between service quality, user satisfaction, and performance impact in the context of smart government in UAE. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 10(6), 6026–6033. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6026-6033
Anamai, A., Jedaman, P., & Srichaiwong, W. (2024). Dynamic strategic management for sustainable university governance. Journal of Higher Education Strategy, 14(1), 55–68..
Anamai, P., Jedaman, P., & Srichaiwong, P. (2024). Role of strategic management towards sustainable educational organizations. In An overview of literature, language and education research (Vol. 1, pp. 154–171).
Andoh, A., Yeboah, E. O., Armstrong-Baidoo, M., & Ankoma, J. (2024). Strategic management practices and performance of technical universities in Ghana: A case study of Accra Technical University. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 46(1), 88–105.
Armah, A. B. (2022). Quality assurance and regulatory challenges of private universities in Ghana. African Journal of Higher Education Studies, 8(2), 55–69.
Ayam, J. R. A. (2024). Strategic Cost Management Practices and Performance of Ghanaian Public Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of African Higher Education, 11(1), 81–121. https://doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v11i1.16519
Azzi Huck, K., & Shmis, T. (2020). Managing the impact of COVID 19 on education systems around the world: How countries are preparing, coping, and planning for recovery. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/managing-impact-covid-19-education-systems-around-world-how-countries-are-preparing
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Boateng, B. (2014). Private higher education in Ghana: Growth, quality and challenges. Journal of Educational Development in Africa, 1(2), 43–58.
Cofie, A. (2016). Assessing the effect of strategic planning on organisational performance in Ghanaian public universities (MBA thesis). Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Retrieved from https://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstreams/ b5af4600-74cd-4ce8-a36f-5d3ecc33162c/download
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dei, D. A., Kankam, P. K., Anane Donkor, G., Peasah, N. B., & Puttick, S. (2023). Strategic enrolment management in private higher education in the post-COVID era: Insights from Ghana. International Journal of Educational Development in Africa, 10(1), 40–57.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics(5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Hurter, T. (2024). Rethinking college enrollment strategy: Challenges and innovations. Journal of Educational Planning and Management, 16(2), 78–91.
Imbuhira Sopha, S., & Kwasira, J. (2016). Influence of strategic management practices on the performance of small scale enterprises in the County Government of Trans-Nzoia County. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 18(9), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-18090187103
Iyobhebhe, A. N., Sharon, A., & Fowosere, M. (2024). Strategic management processes and performance in Nigerian universities. African Journal of Business and Management, 18(1), 121–135.
Kamili, A. R., Mugiira, S. M., & Lawrence, M. K. (2024). Strategic management practices and performance of private universities in the Democratic Republic of Congo. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(2), 27–39.
Kande, A., Namusonge, G. S., & Mugambi, F. (2017). The role of strategic management practices on growth of private universities in Kenya. The International Journal of Business & Management, 5(4), 17-32. https://www.theijbm.com
Kande, H., Mwasiaji, D., & Mungai, K. (2017). Strategic management practices and growth of private universities in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 5(5), 65–82.
Kimani, A. M. (2018). Effect of strategic management practices on organizational performance of Fintech in Africa: A case study of Cellulant Corporation [Master’s thesis, United States International University-Africa]. https://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/handle/11732/4141
Kozlenkova, I. V., Samaha, S. A., & Palmatier, R. W. (2014). Resource-based theory in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-013-0336-7
Kuria, P. W. (2017). Influence of strategic management practices on the performance of private universities in Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 4(4), 629–658. https://doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v4i4.578
Kuse, S., & Wanyoike, R.(2022). Strategic human resource management practices and organizational performance of Information Services Department in Ghana. International Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 19(2), 150-164.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IHRBA-03-2022-0169
Larrious-Lartey, D. (2022). Strategic management practices in SMEs: A comparative study in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Business Research, 15(1), 80–98.
Luenendonk, M. (2022). Key elements of strategic management. Cleverism. https://www.cleverism.com/key-elements-of-strategic-management/\
Lumley, T., Diehr, P., Emerson, S., & Chen, L. (2002). The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546
Maroa, J. G., & Muturi, W. (2015). Influence of strategic management practices on performance of floriculture firms in Kenya: A survey of Kiambu County. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(7), 497–510. http://ijecm.co.uk/ISSN2348-0386
Meres, M. (2019). The Effect of Strategic Management Practices on the institutional Performance; the Case of Dedebit Credit and Saving Institution in Eastern Tigray. SocioEconomic Challenges, 3, 80-97.
Meresa, H. A. (2019). The impact of strategic management practices on the performance of financial institutions in East Africa. International Journal of Strategic Management, 8(2), 101–117.
Mwima, K., & Kibanga, N. (2023). Effect of strategic management practices on performance of private schools in Bungoma South Sub-County. Journal of Strategic Management, 3(3), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.70619/vol3iss3pp24-32
Mwirigi, F. M., & Muthaa, G. M. (2015). Strategic planning and performance in public and private universities in Kenya. Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 6(2), 13–22.
Mwirigi, F. M., & Muthaa, G. M. (2015). Strategic planning and performance in public and private universities in Kenya. Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 6(2), 13–22.
Nantwi, W. K., & Boateng, B. (2020). COVID-19 and education in Ghana: A tale of chaos and calm. Journal of Education and Practice, [Online], Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Correspondence: williamnantwi28@gmail.com.]
Nkemchor, G. O., & Ezeanolue, M. C. (2021). Strategic cost management practices and financial sustainability in public higher education institutions in Ghana. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 11(2), 45–62. ` https://doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v11i2.18956
Nyagaki, B. K. (2022). Influence of strategic management practices on organisational performance: A survey of commercial based parastatals in Kenya [Master’s thesis, Kenya Methodist University].
Oliveira, W.?da?P. de, Guimarães, M.?R.?N., & da Silva, J.?E.?A.?R. (2023). Ecosystems, strategy, and resilience: Four empirical cases in the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 67, 101734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2023.101734
Penrose, E. (2009). The theory of the growth of the firm (4th ed., C.?N. Pitelis, Intro.). Oxford University Press.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
Trnka, R., & Lorencová, R. (2020). Fear, anger, and media-induced trauma during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. Psychological Studies, 65(3), 264–271.
UNESCO. (2023). Reinforcing higher education in Africa [Seminar]. UNESCO
Addae-Korankye, A., & Aryee, B. A. (2023). The relationship between strategic management practices and the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. Journal of Business Management, 12(3), 35-47. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. https://doi.org/10.1201/jbm-2023-12
UNESCO. (2024). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education – Africa regional report. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/
United Nations Ghana. (2020). COVID-19 and education in Ghana: Challenges, interventions and the way forward. https://ghana.un.org/
United Nations Ghana. (2020). COVID-19 and education in Ghana: Challenges, interventions and the way forward. https://ghana.un.org/
Yahya, A. (2017). Strategic thinking and strategic management practices in Yemeni higher education institutions. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(3), 205–218.
Yahya, M. (2017). The relationship between strategic thinking and strategic management practices in higher education institutions in Yemen. Academia.edu. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/35925859/The_Relationship_between_Strategic_Thinking_and_Strategic_Management_Practices_in_Higher_Education_Institutions_in_Yemen
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Yeboah, E. O., Armstrong-Baidoo, M., & Others. (2025). Strategic management and performance of public universities in Ghana: A sectoral analysis. Journal of African Higher Education Research, 6(1), 92–110.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Yuenyong, T. (2024). Management strategies for higher education institutions based on the principles of education for sustainable development in the Lower Northern Region. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(7), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i7.4238
Yussif, A.-M., & Mante, S.?B. (2023). Gaining competitive advantage in higher education management: Exploring strategic management practices at the University for Development Studies (UDS), Tamale, Ghana. British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies, 6(4), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.52589/BJMMS-3UHJ8RAJ
Duodu, I. (2025). Effect of Strategic Management Practices on Performance of Private University Colleges in Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(8), 594–618.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode