Although earlier research have emphasized the distinct effects of attitude, university support, and risk propensity on entrepreneurial intention, there is limited understanding of how these factors interact collectively. The majority of research concentrates on one or two factors, frequently ignoring the combined impact of these factors. Addressing these gaps is crucial to developing a holistic understanding of the dynamics influencing entrepreneurial intentions among students and inform educational policies and programs aimed at fostering entrepreneurship in higher education settings. This research aim to determine the relationship between attitude, university support, risk propensity and entrepreneurial intention among students in Higher Education Institutions. Moreover, the research objectives is to identify the level of attitude, university support and risk propensity and entrepreneurial intention among student in Higher Education Institutions. This research also determined the relationship between attitude, university support, risk propensity and entrepreneurial intention among students in Higher Education Institutions. This research is a survey research design with an online questionnaire involving 384 students from higher education institutions in Selangor district were selected by random stratification. This research assessed instrument reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. Results indicated acceptable internal consistency for all constructs: Attitude(0.782), University Support (0.750), Risk Propensity (0.811), and Entrepreneurial Intention (0.784). For content validity, it was established through expert review, ensuring item relevance, clarity and accuracy. The research finding indicate that the level of attitude, university support, risk propensity, and entrepreneurial intention among students are high. The correlation pearson analysis, on the other hand, shows a strong positive corelation between attitude, university support, and risk propensity towards entrepreneurial intention among students of Higher Education Institutions. This research confirms that attitude, university support, and risk propensity are all important to making higher educational institution students' entrepreneurial intentions. It also highlights how important it is for universities to create environments that boost perceived behavioral control and encourage risk-taking in order to develop future entrepreneurs. Additionally, it can serve as a reference for future researchers in gaining an understanding of the increased involvement of the younger generation, especially university students, in participating in entrepreneurial activities or programs to foster their entrepreneurial determination. Then, the problem of post-graduation unemployment will then be addressed.
Abid, M. A., Mohsin, M., Tofique, M., Azeem, N., & Shahzadi, S. S. (2024). From campus to CEO: Unveiling the entrepreneurial intentions among university students: Investigating the mediating effect of role model and moderating role of university support. Migration Letters, 21(S9), 311–331.
Adelowo, C. M., Ukpabio, M. G., Olaopa, O. R., & Siyanbola, W. O. (2015). Exploring business incubation practices in developing economies: Lessons for Nigeria. Paper presented at the 2nd Africalics International Conference, University of Rwanda, Kigali, November 13–17.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Antoncic, J. A., Antoncic, B., Gantar, M., Hisrich, R. D., Marks, L. J., Bachkirov, A. A., ... & Kakkonen, M. L. (2018). Risk-taking propensity and entrepreneurship: The role of power distance. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 26(1), 1–26.
Anuar, A. S., & Sahid, S. (2022). Kesan pendidikan keusahawanan ke atas set minda keusahawanan: Pengaruh pengantara faktor kognitif. Akademika, 92(3), 195–207.
Arranz, N., Ubierna, F., Arroyabe, M. F., Pérez, C., & Fdez. de Arroyabe, J. C. (2017). The effect of curricular and extracurricular activities on university students’ entrepreneurial intention and competences. Studies in Higher Education, 42(11), 1979–2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1130030
Asimakopoulos, G., Hernández, V., & Peña Miguel, J. (2019). Entrepreneurial intention of engineering students: The role of social norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Sustainability, 11(16), 4314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164314
Aziz, N. E. M., Harun, N., Esa, M. M., Yaacob, M. R., & Rahman, A. A. A. (2018). Pendidikan keusahawanan di institusi pengajian tinggi (IPT) dalam melahirkan usahawan berjaya di Malaysia. Journal of Business Innovation, 3(1), 73.
Bin Mohd Yusoff, M. S., & Bin Abdullah, N. A. (2021). Pengaruh pengalaman keusahawanan terhadap kecenderungan keusahawanan dalam kalangan pelajar jurusan perakaunan Kolej Matrikulasi Perak. Jurnal Penyelidikan Dedikasi, 13, 1–23.
Bustami, F. R. A. (2017). Tekad keusahawanan dalam kalangan graduan kelompok pertama Universiti Malaysia Kelantan [Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan].
Coakes, S. J. (2005). SPSS version 12.0 for Windows: Analysis without anguish. National Library of Australia.
Densberger, K. (2014). The self-efficacy and risk-propensity of entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 22(4), 437–462. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500186
Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81–90.
Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: Values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10, 679–689.
Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75–93.
Fauzi, H., Jamal, A., & Mohd Saifoul, Z. N. (2014). Kaedah penyelidikan & analisis data SPSS. UUM Press.
Halim, N. H., & Sahid, S. (2020). Kemahiran kesediaan kerja, efikasi kendiri, tingkah laku keusahawanan dan eksplorasi kerjaya dalam kalangan graduan. Akademika, 90(S3).
Hassan, M. S. (2023, February 17). 90,000 bakal menganggur. Harian Metro, 1–3.
Hatak, I., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2015). Age, job identification, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 38–53.
Hisam, N. S. M., & Othman, N. (2018). Persepsi terhadap risiko dan kecenderungan pengambilan risiko dalam kalangan pelajar politeknik aktif pendidikan keusahawanan. In 1st International Conference on Humanities, Education and Society (pp. 221–233), Johor, Malaysia.
Izquierdo, E., & Buelens, M. (2011). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions: The influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitudes. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 13(1), 75–91.
Kasim, R. S. R., & Salleh, N. A. (2023). Pembangunan item bagi kesejahteraan spiritual Islam sebagai mediator terhadap hubungan kecenderungan pengambilan risiko dan tekad keusahawanan dalam kalangan graduan usahawan di Malaysia. i-IEcons E-Proceedings, 713–721.
Kessler, A., Korunka, C., Frank, H., & Lueger, M. (2012). Predicting founding success and new venture survival: A longitudinal nascent entrepreneurship approach. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 20(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495812500021
Khan, S. A., Sharma, P. P., & Thoudam, P. (2019). Role of attitude and entrepreneurship education towards entrepreneurial orientation among business students of Bhutan. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering.
Kowang, T. O., Apandi, S. Z. B. A., Hee, O. C., Fei, G. C., Saadon, M. S. I., & Othman, M. R. (2021). Undergraduates entrepreneurial intention: Holistic determinants matter. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(1), 57–64.
KPT. (2024). Laporan kajian pengesanan graduan 2023. Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia.
Krueger, N., & Brazeal, D. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91–105.
Kumar, S., & Kurniawan, D. (2019). The relationship between entrepreneurial education, family background, innovativeness, and entrepreneurial capabilities toward entrepreneurial intention. In 3rd International Conference on Family Business and Entrepreneurship (pp. 631–642).
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross?cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: A role for education. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 17(2), 195–218.
Lv, Y., Chen, Y., Sha, Y., Wang, J., An, L., Chen, T., ... & Huang, L. (2021). How entrepreneurship education at universities influences entrepreneurial intention: Mediating effect based on entrepreneurial competence. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 655868.
Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L., & Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2023). Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: A systematic review (2005–2022) for future directions in theory and practice. Management Review Quarterly, 73(4), 1903–1970.
Mamat, I., Nawang, W. M. Z. W., & Ramli, N. N. (2009). Nilai, sikap dan amalan pegawai kanan institut pengajian tinggi terhadap program pembangunan usahawan siswa. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 7(2).
Masri, N., Abdullah, A., & Asimiran, S. (2022). Hubungan faktor terpilih dengan tekad keusahawanan pelajar di Kolej Vokasional Zon Tengah, Semenanjung Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(5), e001508.
Mazurah, M. (2015). Keberkesanan pembelajaran berasaskan konsultasi terhadap tekad keusahawanan pelajar politeknik. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohammad, N. A., & Nordin, N. (2019). Risk-taking propensity, entrepreneurship orientation, and business performance: An exploratory study of Malaysia SMEs. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4), 24–33.
Mwiya, B., Wang, Y., Shikaputo, C., Kaulung’ombe, B., & Kayekesi, M. (2017). Predicting the entrepreneurial intentions of university students: Applying the theory of planned behaviour in Zambia. Africa Journal of Management.
Nasharudin, N., & Harun, H. (2010). Aspirasi kerjaya keusahawanan dalam kalangan pelajar institusi pengajian tinggi awam. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 35(1), 11–17.
Nen, L. B., Rahman, R. S. A. R. A., & Othman, N. (2024). Correlation of entrepreneurial attitudes towards entrepreneurial career aspirations for Generation Z in community colleges. Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, 6(20).
Noh, N. M., Othman, N., & Rahman, R. S. A. R. A. (2024). Cabaran pelajar kolej komuniti dalam menguasai minda keusahawanan. Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, 6(20).
Nowi?ski, W., Haddoud, M. Y., Lan?ari?, D., Wach, K., & Schøtt, T. (2019). The impact of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and gender on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the Visegrad countries. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1365359
Nurul Shahnaz Ahmad Mahdzan, & Audrey Boey Oi Lin. (2015). Risk management and insurance. Oxford University Press.
Oliver, J. J., & Velji, N. (2019). Are entrepreneurs becoming more risk averse? Strategic Direction, 35(1), 1–2.
Olofinyehun, A., Egbetokun, A., & Adelowo, C. (2022). Pooled dataset on entrepreneurial of undergraduates in selected universities in Nigeria. Data in Brief, 40(2), 107718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107718
Othman, N., & Nasrudin, N. (2016). Entrepreneurship education programs in Malaysian polytechnics. Education + Training, 58(7/8), 882–898.
Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival guide: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Allen & Unwin.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Teachers’ and students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy: Implication for effective teaching practices. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1071–1080.
Pihie, Z. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Malay secondary school students’ entrepreneurial attitude orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A descriptive study. Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(2), 316–322.
Rahman, R. S. A. R. A., Othman, N., Pihie, Z. A. L., & Wahid, H. A. (2016). Entrepreneurial intention and social entrepreneurship among students in Malaysian higher education. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 10(1), 175–181.
Ravi, N., & Nor Aishah, B. (2016). The relationship between attitude, intention, and entrepreneurship career choice among Malaysian Indian undergraduates. Akademika, 86(2), 43–52.
Rocha, A. K. L. D., Moraes, G. H. S. M. D., & Fischer, B. (2022). The role of university environment in promoting entrepreneurial behavior: Evidence from heterogeneous regions in Brazil. Innovation & Management Review, 19(1), 39–61.
Saeed, S., Yousafzai, S. Y., Yani-de-Soriano, M., & Muffatto, M. (2015). The role of perceived university support in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12090
Salleh, N. H. M., Rani, S. H. A., & Latief, D. A. (2016). The influence of college experience on the entrepreneurial intention among IKBN students. Sains Humanika, 8(4-2), 117–119.
Sangeeta, B. B. (2014). 10 talents that drive entrepreneurial success. In Entrepreneurial Strengths Finder (pp. 132–143). Gallup Business Journal.
Shahzad, M. F., Khan, K. I., Saleem, S., & Rashid, T. (2021). What factors affect the entrepreneurial intention to start-ups? The role of entrepreneurial skills, propensity to take risks, and innovativeness in open business models. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3), 173.
Taha, K. A., Ramlan, S. N., & Noor, I. M. (2017). The factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Malaysia. International Journal of Business Technopreneurship, 7(2), 189–202.
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). (2019). Global report 2019/2020. GEM.
Tshikovhi, N., & Shambare, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial knowledge, personal attitudes, and entrepreneurship intentions among South African Enactus students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education.
Verheul, I., Block, J., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Thurik, R., Tiemeier, H., & Turturea, R. (2015). ADHD-like behavior and entrepreneurial intentions. Small Business Economics, 45(1), 85–101.
Walter, S. G., & Block, J. H. (2016). Outcomes of entrepreneurship education: An institutional perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(2), 216–233.
Westhead, P., & Solesvik, M. Z. (2016). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Do female students benefit? International Small Business Journal, 34(8), 979–1003.
Zhao, H., Hills, G. E., & Seibert, S. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272.
Abdullah, N., & Rahman, R. S. A. R. A. (2025). The Relationship between Attitude, University Support, Risk Propensity and Entrepreneurial Intention among Students in Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(8), 155–175.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
