English argumentative writing is a significant and challenging genre, and it is common in standardized English proficiency tests for EFL learners. The present study applies flipped classroom to overcome the drawbacks of conventional face-to-face learning, and in order to teach English argumentative writing effectively, this study combines Toulmin’s model in the flipped classroom to improve Chinese EFL undergraduates’ argumentative writing. 83 EFL Chinese undergraduates, a sample in a quantitative research design, are voluntary to be recruited from a research university, and all written texts by participants before and after the flipped classroom implementation were collected as research data. The results indicate that participants show considerable improvement in their English argumentative writing through comparing the overall scores based on an assessment rubric. Besides, more appropriate activities related to argumentative writing skills, involving mind maps and the organization of debate drafts combined with Toulmin’s model are added during the application of flipped classroom. The findings suggest the effectiveness of flipped classroom combined with Toulmin’s model on teaching Chinese EFL undergraduates English argumentative writing.
Asep S., Sarah K. & Rajji A. (2023). The Flipped Classroom: A Story from an EFL Classroom in Indonesia. Mextesol Journal, 47(2), p.n2.
Aziz, F. I. A. (2021). The Persuasive Writing Features of Secondary School Students in Malaysia and Factors That Influence the Quality. PHD Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Aziz, F. I. A. & Ahmad, U. K. (2017). Persuasive writing: How students argue. Sains Humanika, 9(4-2). https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v9n4-2.1356
Aziz, F. I. A., Salam, S. N., & Said, S. B. M. (2023). Improving English Persuasive Writing in Malaysia: A Recommendation. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 5, 10. https://doi.org/10.55057/ajress.2023.5.2.7
Aziz, F. I. A., & Said, S. M. (2020). The Success Factors that Impact the Quality of Students’ Persuasive Essays: Faktor-faktor Kejayaan yang Mempengaruhi Kualiti Karangan Persuasif Pelajar. Journal of Management and Muamalah, 10(1), pp.30-45. https://jmm.uis.edu.my/index.php/jurnal/article/view/43
Aziz, F. I. A., Salam, S. N., & Said, S. M., (2023). INTEGRATING TOULMIN’S MODEL TO IMPROVE THE PERSUASIVE WRITING SKILLS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA. In 31st MELTA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (p. 124).
Chan, W. T. Y., & Leung, C. H. (2016). The Use of Social Media for Blended Learning in Tertiary Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(4), pp.771-778. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040414
Clark, I. (2012). Concepts in composition: Theory and practice in the teaching of writing (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 3rd ed. Sage publications.
Eren, Ö. (2012). Students' attitudes towards using social networking in foreign language classes: A Facebook example. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(20).
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), pp.1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Fathi, J., & Rahimi, M. (2020). Examining the impact of flipped classroom on writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency: A case of EFL students. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(7), pp.1668-1706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1825097
Glasswell, K., Parr, J., & Aikman, M. (2001). Development of the asTTle writing assessment rubrics for scoring extended writing tasks. Technical Report. Auckland: University of Auckland, asTTle project.
Huang, Y., & Zhang, L. J. (2019). Does a process-genre approach help improve students’ argumentative writing in English as a foreign language? Findings from an intervention study. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 36(4), pp.339-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2019.1649223
Jin, T., Su, Y., & Lei, J. (2020). Exploring the blended learning design for argumentative writing. Language Learning & Technology, 24(2), 23–34. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/44720
Ka-kan-dee, M., & Kaur, S. (2015). Teaching Strategies Used by Thai EFL Lecturers to Teach Argumentative Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 208). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.191
Khairuddin, Z., Rahmat, N. H., Noor, M. M., & Khairuddin, Z. (2021). The Use of Rhetorical Strategies in Argumentative Essays. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 29. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.S3.1
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-028628-3
Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2023). Development of Argumentative Writing Ability in EFL Middle School Students. Reading & Writing Quarterly, pp.1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2022.2161438
Li, H. H., & Zhang, L. J. (2021a). Effects of structured small-group student talk as collaborative prewriting discussions on Chinese university EFL students ’ individual writing: a quasi-experimental study. PLoS One16:e0251569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025156
Liao, M., & Liao, Y. (2022). Improving Chinese College Students’ Argumentative Writing: A Presentation-Assimilation-Discussion-Exercise Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, p.874531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874531
Qin, J., & Karabacak, E. (2010). The analysis of Toulmin elements in Chinese EFL university argumentative writing. System, 38 (3), 444–456.
Qin, J. (2020). Assessing L2 Argumentation in the UAE Context. L. McCallum and C. Coombe (eds.), The Assessment of L2 Written English across the MENA Region. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53254-3_10
Roohani, A., and Rad, H. S. (2022). EFFECTIVENESS OF HYBRID-FLIPPED CLASSROOM IN IMPROVING EFL LEARNERS'ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING SKILL. TEFLIN Journal: A Publication on the Teaching & Learning of English, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v33i2/349-366
Shooli, E., Rahimi Esfahani, F., & Sepehri, M. (2022). Flipped classroom influence on the learner’s outcomes: A study based on English writing courses in Iran. Education Research International, 2022, pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/153029
Soltanpour, F. & Valizadeh, M. (2018). A flipped writing classroom: Effects on EFL learners’ argumentative essays. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 9(1), pp.5-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.1p.5
Staker, H., & Horn, M. B. (2012). Classifying K-12 blended learning. Innosight institute.
Su Ping, R. L., Verezub, E., Adi Badiozaman, I. F. B. & Chen, W. S. (2020). Tracing EFL students’ flipped classroom journey in a writing class: Lessons from Malaysia. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 57(3), pp.305-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2019.1574597
Sun, W. (2020). Flipped Classroom Teaching of College English Based on “Rain Classroom”. In Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems (DPTA 2019) (pp. 735-741). Springer Singapore.
Toulmin, S. (2003). The Uses of Argument, updated ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambr.
Wang, Y., & Said, S. M. (2024). The Cognitive Challenges in Argumentative Writing for EFL Learners: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development. 13. 10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i4/23721.
Wingate, U. (2012). ‘Argument!’helping students understand what essay writing is about. Journal of English for academic purposes, 11(2), pp.145-154.
Wolfe, C. R., Britt, M. A., Petrovic, M., Albrecht, M. & Kopp, K. (2009). The efficacy of a Web-based counterargument tutor. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), pp.691-698.
Xu, B., Chen, N. S. & Chen, G. (2020). Effects of teacher role on student engagement in WeChat-Based online discussion learning. Computers & Education, 157, p.103956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103956
Yamagata-Lynch, L. C. (2010). Activity systems analysis methods: Understanding complex learning environments. Springer Science & Business Media.
Yan, L. (2019). A study on WeChat-based collaborative learning in college English writing. English Language Teaching, 12(6), pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n6p1
Yang, R. (2022). An empirical study of claims and qualifiers in ESL students’ argumentative writing based on Toulmin model. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 7(1), pp.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00133-w
Yang, R. (2022). An empirical study on the scaffolding Chinese university students’ English argumentative writing based on toulmin model. Heliyon, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12199
Zainuddin, S. Z., & Rafik-Galea, S. (2016). EFFECTS OF TRAINING IN THE USE OF TOULMIN’S MODEL ON ESL STUDENTS’ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY. Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics (MJLL), 5(2), pp.114-133. https://doi.org/10.24200/mjll.vol5iss2pp114-133
Zhang, Y. (2018). An Investigation into the Development of Structure and Evidence Use in Argumentative Writing. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 8(11), 1441. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0811.08
Zhang, H. (2020). Application of Rain Classroom to college English writing. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1486, No. 5, p. 052020). IOP Publishing.
Zhang, T., & Zhang, L. J. (2021). Taking stock of a genre-based pedagogy: sustaining the development of EFL students’ knowledge of the elements in argumentation and writing improvement. Sustainability, 13(21), p.11616. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111616
Zhang, L., & Zhang, L. J. (2021). Fostering stance-taking as a sustainable goal in developing EFL students’ academic writing skills: Exploring the effects of explicit instruction on academic writing skills and stance deployment. Sustainability, 13(8), p.4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084270
Wang, Y., & Said, S. B. H. M. (2025). The Effectiveness of Flipped Classroom Combined with Toulmin’s Model on Chinese EFL Undergraduates’ Argumentative Writing. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(6), 1076–1089.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode