The appearance of the pandemic has led to a temporary paralysis of the world's manufacturing industry. Measures such as lowering employee wages, canceling employee promotion mechanisms, adopting remote work, uncompensated remote overtime, layoffs, and canceling employee benefits were mainstream methods at the time. Shanghai, where China's manufacturing industry is most concentrated, has to conduct online courts to deal with a large number of disputes between employees and companies. This study used the SEM structural equation model to conduct statistical analysis on 303 valid questionnaires of Shanghai grassroots employees to identify the factors that affect employees' perception of psychological contract violation and the complex consequences caused by such psychological contract violation. The final study found that the lack of distributive justice led to an increase in some employees' perception of corporate psychological contract violation, which in turn reduced their satisfaction and increased their willingness to leave. Satisfaction positively and significantly affects employee performance. However, the intention to leave does not affect employee performance. The research results call on companies to pay more attention to distributive justice and improve satisfaction and performance by reducing employees' perception of psychological contract violation.
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267–299. Academic Press.
Afthanorhan, A., Ghazali, P. L., & Rashid, N. (2021, May). Discriminant validity: A comparison of CBSEM and consistent PLS using Fornell & Larcker and HTMT approaches. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1874(1), 012085. IOP Publishing.
asana, S. R., Malelak, M. I., Suprapto, W., Tarigan, Z. J. H., Tarigan, Z. V. B., & Doron, R. O. (2025). The influence of information technology integration on firm performance through supply chain quality and supply chain resilience. Decision Science Letters, 14(1), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2024.9.004
Azeem, M. U., Bajwa, S. U., Shahzad, K., & Aslam, H. (2020). Psychological contract violation and turnover intention: The role of job dissatisfaction and work disengagement. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(6), 1291–1308.
Bingöl, Ü., Bilgin, N., Çetinkaya, A., & Kutlu, A. (2025). Variables that predict nurses’ job stress and intention to leave during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 81(2), 878–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16287
Bosco, F. A., Aguinis, H., Singh, K., Field, J. G., & Pierce, C. A. (2020). Correlational effect size benchmarks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(12), 1563–1567. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000494
Cai, X., Jiang, W., Song, H., & Xie, H. (2022). Pay for performance schemes and manufacturing worker productivity: Evidence from a kinked design in China. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102840.
Chen, S., Lin, W., & Lu, L. (2023). COVID-19, power distance, and employee outcomes: A cross-national study of healthcare workers. Applied Psychology, 72(1), 200–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12345
Cheng, Z. (2014). The effects of employee involvement and participation on subjective well-being: Evidence from urban China. Social Indicators Research, 118, 457–483.
Colquitt, J. A. (2021). Organizational justice. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 53–78. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055322
Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2022). Fifty years of psychological contract research: What do we know and what are the challenges? Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 281–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091634
Curry, J. P., Wakefield, D. S., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1986). On the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 29(4), 847–858.
Dong, J., & Yan, S. (2022). Evolutionary game analysis between employees and employers about working overtime from the perspective of information asymmetry. BMC Psychology, 10(1), 95.
Estay, C., Mai-Nivoit, C., Yanat, Z., & Durrieu, F. (2024). The perception of the fulfillment of the psychological contract among workers undergoing industrial restructuring. Recherches En Sciences de Gestion, 139(4), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.3917/resg.139.0225
Galanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Gallos, P., Kalogeropoulou, M., Meimeti, E., & Vraka, I. (2025). Workload increases nurses’ quiet quitting, turnover intention, and job burnout: Evidence from Greece. AIMS Public Health, 12(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2025004
Guest, D. E. (2019). Employee perceptions of HR practices: A critical review and future directions. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(21), 3025–3050. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1674360
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2021). An introduction to statistical learning: With applications in R (2nd ed.). Springer.
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403.
Krejcie, R. V. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement.
Kutaula, S., Gillani, A., & Budhwar, P. S. (2020). An analysis of employment relationships in Asia using psychological contract theory: A review and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 30(4), 100707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100707
Lee, A., Thomas, G., Martin, R., & Guillaume, Y. (2022). When fairness fails: Linking distributive injustice to psychological contract breach during COVID-19. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(8), 1321–1337. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001023
Leon, R. J., Lapkin, S., Fields, L., & Moroney, T. (2022). Developing a self-administered questionnaire: Methods and considerations. Nurse Researcher, 30(3).
Marks, G. (2025, January 5). Rise of the PIPs is a reminder to employees that no one is irreplaceable. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/jan/05/performance-improvement-plan-employees
Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 846–855.
Pervaiz, S., Guohao, L., & Qi, H. (2024). Task-crafting: How power distance shapes the influence of goal-setting participation. Current Psychology, 43(1), 20196–20208.
Pimentel, J. L. (2010). A note on the usage of Likert Scaling for research data analysis. USM R&D Journal, 18(2), 109–112.
Robinson, M., & Chitra, S. (2020). Employee welfare in manufacturing–industry literature review. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 4(2), 1107–1109. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd30173
Robinson, S. L., & Wolfe Morrison, E. (2000). The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5), 525–546.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121–139.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Setyopurnomo, R., Wiryono, S. K., Lestari, Y. D., & Sukarno, S. (2025). Enhancing operation effectiveness by maximizing daily EBITDA as a turnaround strategy execution system to enhance operation performance and profitability. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100431
Shengnan, L., & Hallinger, P. (2021). Unpacking the effects of culture on school leadership and teacher learning in China. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(2), 214–233.
Singh, G., Slack, N. J., & Sharma, S. (2021). Merit-based pay in the public sector: Unwillingness to abandon the concept. Springer Nature.
State Council of China. (2024, September). China's manufacturing industry contributes over 30% to global supply. State Council of China. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202409/content_6973520.htm
Statista. (2025). Average weekly hours actually worked by persons employed in enterprises in China from December 2022 to December 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1391557/weekly-average-working-hours-china/
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Thien, L. M., Thurasamy, R., & Abd Razak, N. (2014). Specifying and assessing a formative measure for Hofstede’s cultural values: A Malaysian study. Quality & Quantity, 48, 3327–3342.
Thompson, C. G., Kim, R. S., Aloe, A. M., & Becker, B. J. (2017). Extracting the variance inflation factor and other multicollinearity diagnostics from typical regression results. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 39(2), 81–90.
Tuan, L. T. (2022). Promoting employee green behavior in the Chinese and Vietnamese hospitality contexts: The roles of green human resource management practices and responsible leadership. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 105, 103253.
Turnley, W. H., Bolino, M. C., Lester, S. W., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187–206.
Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant validity testing in marketing: An analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4
Wang, J., Lan, Y., & Li, C. (2022). Challenge-hindrance stressors and innovation: A meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(4), 761.
Weber, L., & Cutter, C. (2024, November 29). The most hated way of firing someone is more popular than ever. It’s the age of the PIP. WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/business/firing-someone-performance-improvement-plans-more-popular-the-pip-7cac7062
Weber, L., & Cutter, C. (2024, November 29). The most hated way of firing someone is more popular than ever. It’s the age of the PIP. WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/business/firing-someone-performance-improvement-plans-more-popular-the-pip-7cac7062
Winship, C., & Zhuo, X. (2020). Interpreting t-statistics under publication bias: Rough rules of thumb. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36(2), 407–431.
Workplace Insight. (2021, February 15). Managers and workers have different perception of the future employee experience. Workplace Insight. https://workplaceinsight.net/managers-and-workers-have-different-perception-of-the-future-employee-experience/
World Health Organization. (2021). Preventing and mitigating COVID-19 outbreaks at work. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341328/WHO-2019-nCoV-Workplace-actions-Policy-brief-2021.1-eng.pdf
Xinhua News Agency. (2023, March 31). China remains the world’s largest manufacturing powerhouse. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.news.cn/fortune/2023-03/31/c_1129481817.htm
Xinhua News Agency. (2023, March 31). China remains the world’s largest manufacturing powerhouse. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.news.cn/fortune/2023-03/31/c_1129481817.htm
Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2023). Resource allocation inequity and psychological contract violation in Chinese manufacturing: The mediating role of distrust. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(5), 912–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2032264
Zhu, Y., Xie, Y., Warner, M., & Guo, Y. (2015). Employee participation and the influence on job satisfaction of the ‘new generation’ of Chinese employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(19), 2395–2411.
Weber, L. & Cutter, C. (2024, November 29). The Most Hated Way of Firing Someone Is More Popular Than Ever. It’s the Age of the PIP. WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/business/firing-someone-performance-improvement-plans-more-popular-the-pip-7cac7062
Marks, G. (2025, January 5). Rise of the Pips is a reminder to employees that no one is irreplaceable. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/jan/05/performance-improvement-plan-employees
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). Academic Press.
Singh, G., Slack, N. J., & Sharma, S. (2021). Merit-based pay in the public sector: Unwillingness to abandon the concept. Springer Nature.
Zhu, Y., Xie, Y., Warner, M., & Guo, Y. (2015). Employee participation and the influence on job satisfaction of the ‘new generation’of Chinese employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(19), 2395-2411.
Cheng, Z. (2014). The effects of employee involvement and participation on subjective wellbeing: Evidence from urban China. Social indicators research, 118, 457-483.
Tuan, L. T. (2022). Promoting employee green behavior in the Chinese and Vietnamese hospitality contexts: The roles of green human resource management practices and responsible leadership. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 105, 103253.
???, ??, & ???. (2022). ??????????: ???????????. ????, 48(10), 123-137.
Bosco, F. A., Aguinis, H., Singh, K., Field, J. G., & Pierce, C. A. (2020). Correlational effect size benchmarks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(12), 1563-1567. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000494
Dong, J., & Yan, S. (2022). Evolutionary game analysis between employees and employers about working overtime from the perspective of information asymmetry. BMC psychology, 10(1), 95.
Wang, J., Lan, Y., & Li, C. (2022). Challenge-hindrance stressors and innovation: a meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(4), 761.
Pimentel, J. L. (2010). A note on the usage of Likert Scaling for research data analysis. USM R&D Journal, 18(2), 109-112.
Workplace Insight. (2021, February 15). Managers and workers have different perception of the future employee experience. Workplace Insight. https://workplaceinsight.net/managers-and-workers-have-different-perception-of-the-future-employee-experience/
State Council of China. (2024, September). China's manufacturing industry contributes over 30% to global supply. State Council of China. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202409/content_6973520.htm
Xinhua News Agency. (2023, March 31). China remains the world’s largest manufacturing powerhouse. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved January 31, 2025, from https://www.news.cn/fortune/2023-03/31/c_1129481817.htm
Guest, D. E. (2019). Employee perceptions of HR practices: A critical review and future directions. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(21), 3025–3050. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1674360
Cai, X., Jiang, W., Song, H., & Xie, H. (2022). Pay for performance schemes and manufacturing worker productivity: evidence from a kinked design in China. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102840.
Pervaiz, S., Guohao, L., & Qi, H. (2024). Task-crafting: How power distance shapes the influence of goal-setting participation. Current Psychology, 43(1), 20196-20208.
Statista. (2025). Average weekly hours actually worked by persons employed in enterprises in China from December 2022 to December 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1391557/weekly-average-working-hours-china/
?????????????????????????14%_????_????-The Paper. (2017). Retrieved 31 January 2025, from https://m.thepaper.cn/wifiKey_detail.jsp?contid=1694276&from=wifiKey&utm_source=chatgpt.com#
Robinson, M., & Chitra, S. (2020). Employee welfare in manufacturing–industry literature review. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 4(2), 1107-1109. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd30173
Secard, R. (2024, December 16). Manufacturing salaries plunged in 2024, and why that's great news. IndustryWeek. Retrieved from https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/55249476/manufacturing-salaries-plunged-in-2024-and-why-thats-great-news
Krejcie, R. V. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational Psychol Meas.
Hair, J.F.J, William, C.B., Barry, J.B., & Rolph, E.A. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th Edition, Uppersaddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. 4th Ed., New York, USA, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British journal of applied science & technology, 7(4), 396-403.
Leon, R. J., Lapkin, S., Fields, L., & Moroney, T. (2022). Developing a self-administered questionnaire: Methods and considerations. Nurse researcher, 30(3).
asana, S. R., Malelak, M. I., Suprapto, W., Tarigan, Z. J. H., Tarigan, Z. V. B., & Doron, R. O. (2025). The influence of information technology integration on firm performance through supply chain quality and supply chain resilience. Decision Science Letters, 14(1), 225–238. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2024.9.004
Setyopurnomo, R., Wiryono, S. K., Lestari, Y. D., & Sukarno, S. (2025). Enhancing operation effectiveness by maximizing daily EBITDA as a turnaround strategy execution system to enhance operation performance and profitability. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100431
Kin, L. W., Ahmad, N., Kamaruddin, N. K., & Mamat, T. N. A. R. (2022). Human Resource Practices and Employee Retention in Manufacturing Industry. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 3(2), 113-131.
Moorman, R.H. (1991), “Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76 No. 6, pp. 846-55.
Curry, J. P., Wakefield, D. S., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1986). On the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Academy of management journal, 29(4), 847-858.
Robinson, S. L., & Wolfe Morrison, E. (2000). The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study. Journaloforganizational Behavior, 21(5), 525-546.
Curry, J. P., Wakefield, D. S., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1986). On the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Academy of management journal, 29(4), 847-858.
Kumar, M. D., & Govindarajo, N. S. (2014). Instrument Development:“Intention to Leave Instrument”(ILI). Middle-EastJournalofScientificResearch, 21(3), 509-517.
Thien, L. M., Thurasamy, R., & Abd Razak, N. (2014). Specifying and assessing a formative measure for Hofstede’s cultural values: a Malaysian study. Quality& Quantity, 48, 3327-3342.
Turnley, W. H., Bolino, M. C., Lester, S. W., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journalofmanagement, 29(2), 187-206.
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant validity testing in marketing: An analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4
Afthanorhan, A., Ghazali, P. L., & Rashid, N. (2021, May). Discriminant validity: A comparison of CBSEM and consistent PLS using Fornell & Larcker and HTMT approaches. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1874, No. 1, p. 012085). IOP Publishing.
Thompson, C. G., Kim, R. S., Aloe, A. M., & Becker, B. J. (2017). Extracting the variance inflation factor and other multicollinearity diagnostics from typical regression results. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 39(2), 81-90.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.
James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2021). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R (2nd ed.). Springer.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Winship, C., & Zhuo, X. (2020). Interpreting t-Statistics Under Publication Bias: Rough Rules of Thumb. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36(2), 407–431.
World Health Organization. (2021). Preventing and mitigating COVID-19 outbreaks at work. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341328/WHO-2019-nCoV-Workplace-actions-Policy-brief-2021.1-eng.pdf
International Labour Organization. (2020). Tackling the impact of job displacement through public policies. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/10/20/tackling-the-impact-of-job-displacement-through-public-policies
International Labour Organization. (2022). Social dialogue report. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_882272.pdf
Shipman, K., Burrell, D. N., & Huff Mac Pherson, A. (2023). An organizational analysis of how managers must understand the mental health impact of teleworking during COVID-19 on employees. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(4), 1081–1104. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-03-2021-2685
Bingöl, Ü., Bilgin, N., Çetinkaya, A., & Kutlu, A. (2025). Variables that predict nurses’ job stress and intention to leave during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 81(2), 878–886. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16287
Galanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Gallos, P., Kalogeropoulou, M., Meimeti, E., & Vraka, I. (2025). Workload increases nurses’ quiet quitting, turnover intention, and job burnout: Evidence from Greece. AIMS Public Health, 12(1), 44–55. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2025004
Gates, T., Scott, B., Merlo, K., Charles, D., Dunn, E., Miklaszewski, C., & Marshall, J. (2024). Occupational Burnout: Florida Public Health Workforce during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66(12), 1000–1008. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000003244
Shengnan, L., & Hallinger, P. (2021). Unpacking the effects of culture on school leadership and teacher learning in China. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(2), 214-233.
Estay, C., Smith, J., & Lee, T. (2024). Psychological contracts in hybrid work: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 109(3), 456-470.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 2, 121-139.
Griep, Y., & Vantilborgh, T. (2023). Reciprocal effects of psychological contract breach and counterproductive work behavior: The moderating role of time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2678
Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2022). Fifty years of psychological contract research: What do we know and what are the challenges? Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 281-307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091634
Kutaula, S., Gillani, A. and Budhwar, P.S. (2020), “An analysis of employment relationships in Asia using psychological contract theory: a review and research agenda”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 30 No. 4, p. 100707, doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100707.
Estay, C., Mai-Nivoit, C., Yanat, Z., & Durrieu, F. (2024). The perception of the fulfilment of the psychological contract among workers undergoing industrial restructuring. Recherches En Sciences de Gestion, 139(4), 225–248. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3917/resg.139.0225
Colquitt, J. A. (2021). Organizational justice. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 53-78. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055322
Lee, A., Thomas, G., Martin, R., & Guillaume, Y. (2022). When fairness fails: Linking distributive injustice to psychological contract breach during COVID-19. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(8), 1321-1337. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001023
Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2022). Fifty years of psychological contract research: What do we know and what are the challenges? Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 281-307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091634
Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2023). Resource allocation inequity and psychological contract violation in Chinese manufacturing: The mediating role of distrust. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(5), 912-935. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2032264
Chen, S., Lin, W., & Lu, L. (2023). COVID-19, power distance, and employee outcomes: A cross-national study of healthcare workers. Applied Psychology, 72(1), 200-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12345
Azeem, M. U., Bajwa, S. U., Shahzad, K., & Aslam, H. (2020). Psychological contract violation and turnover intention: The role of job dissatisfaction and work disengagement. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(6), 1291-1308.
Lee, A., Thomas, G., Martin, R., & Guillaume, Y. (2022). When fairness fails: Linking distributive injustice to psychological contract breach during COVID-19. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(8), 1321-1337. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001023
Meng, C., Sung, T. P., & Amirul, S. R. B. (2025). Causes and Consequences of Psychological Contract Breach among Grassroots Employees in Shanghai’s Manufacturing Industry During the Pandemic. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(3), 2051-2073.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
