International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

search-icon

Managing, Profiling and Family Support of Malaysian Women Drug Abuse Inmates

Open access
Women engaging in the use of drugs have not only adverse effects on the country but also impose significant challenges in managing their incarceration and maintaining stable family structures. The review, therefore, aims to identify the approach of Malaysian Prison Department (PRIDE) in managing women’s drug abuse inmates as well as to explore their addiction experiences and, to determine the extent of family relationships they have by applied quantitative approach and cross-sectional analysis. One hundred fifty women respondent selected from the random stratified sample of Kajang Women Prison, Selangor inmates. Data then analyzed by using descriptive analysis. Results from this study provide an insight into the practical method by PRIDE to reduce demand through drug treatment and rehabilitation and to reduce supply and improving detection. The results of the study showed that majority of the respondents were Malay, Muslim, age range between 31 to 40 years, highest education level at SPM/MCE/SPVM and still single. More than half of the respondents were self-employed with monthly income between RM1001.00 to RM2000.00. A majority had been imprisonment between two to five times, with six to ten years length of addiction and, methamphetamines become the most drug had been abuse. Finding also showed that the majority of drug inmates engaged in a high level of family relationship. Findings from this research yielded vast implications to improve drug abuse safety and security as well as treatment and rehabilitation programs, particularly among women drug abuse inmates in Malaysia.
Journal Article
Alvarez, J., Olson, B. D., Jason, L. A., Davis, M. I., & Ferrari, J. R. (2004). Heterogeneity among Latinas and Latinos entering substance abuse treatment: Findings from a national database. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(4), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2004.02.003
Austin, J., Bloom, B., & Donahue, T. (1992). THESIS Female offenders in the community: An analysis of innovative strategies and programs. … DC: National Institute of Corrections, 90.
Azmi, A. A., Hussin, H., Ishak, S. I. Di., & Daud-Fhiri, N. S. (2018). Drug Addicts: Psychosocial Factor Contributing to Relapse. MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005097
Back, S. E., Payne, R. L., Wahlquist, A. H., Carter, R. E., Stroud, Z., Haynes, L., Hillhouse, M., Brady, K. T., & Ling, W. (2011). Comparative profiles of men and women with opioid dependence: Results from a national multisite effectiveness trial. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37(5), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2011.596982
Basir, N. (2002). Female Criminality: A Case Study of Women Inmates in Kajang Prison, Selangor, Malaysia. International Islamic University Malaysia., 1–24.
Birkeland, M. S., Blix, I., Solberg, Ø., & Heir, T. (2017). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms after a terrorist attack: A network approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(DEC), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02091
Boyas, J. F., Villarreal-Otálora, T., & & Marsiglia, F. F. (2019). Alcohol Use among Latinx Early Adolescents: Exploring the Role of the Family. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 63(2).
Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Sonne, S. C., & Saladin, M. E. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine dependence: Order of onset. American Journal on Addictions, 7(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.3109/10550499809034484
Brannigan, A., Gemmell, W., Pevalin, D. J., & Wade, T. J. (2002). Self-control and social control in childhood misconduct and aggression: The role of family structure, hyperactivity, and hostile parenting. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 44(2), 119–142.
Bremer-Landau, J. D., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2019). Gender as Potential Moderator of Associations Among Trauma Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms in Young Adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 586–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22419
Brown, S. A., Vik, P. W., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (1986). Vulnerability and Adult Alcohol Relapse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56(5), 538–545.
Chatham, L. R., Hiller, M. L., Rowan-Szal, G. A., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1999). Gender differences at admission and follow-up in a sample of methadone maintenance clients. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(8), 1137–1165. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089909039401
Chie, Q. T., Tam, C. L., Bonn, G., Wong, C. P., Dang, H. M., & Khairuddin, R. (2015). Drug abuse, relapse, and prevention education in Malaysia: Perspective of university students through a mixed methods approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00065
Copello, A. G., Velleman, R. D. B., & Templeton, L. J. (2005). Family interventions in the treatment of alcohol and drug problems. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(4), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500302356
Cormier, R. A., Dell, C. A., & Poole, N. (2004). Women and Substance Abuse Problems. BMC Women’s Health, 4(Suppl 1), S8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-4-s1-s8
Dakir, J., Tibek, S. R., Hamjah, S. H., & Mohamad, R. (2015). Program koreksi berasaskan islam melalui program halaqah sebagai medium dakwah kepada banduan di penjara Kajang. Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 7(2), 3–22.
Davis, S. K. (1990). Chemical dependency in women: A description of its effects and outcome on adequate parenting. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 7(4), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(90)90045-R
De Leon, G., & Jainchill, N. (1991). Residential therapeutic communities for female substance abusers. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine: Journal of Urban Health, 67(3), 277–290.
Eliason, M. J. (2006). Are therapeutic communities therapeutic for women? Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-3
Embleton, L., Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013). The Journey of Addiction: Barriers to and Facilitators of Drug Use Cessation among Street Children and Youths in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053435
Farrow, J. A., & French, J. (1986). The drug abuse-deliquency connection revisited. Libra Publishers, Inc.
Fauziah, I., Khadijah, A., Noremy, M. A., Samon, N., &, & Lukman, Z. M. (2012). The Role of Family Towards Current Adolescence Challenges Drug Prevention and Living Without Drugs. Social Sci, 7, 341–345.
Fazillah, A., Juahir, H., Toriman, E., Mohamad, N., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Fairuz, A., Omar, S. M. H. S., Adi-Ana, G., & Mohamad, M. (2018). Family support indices for substance abuser in Terengganu. International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), 7(4), 2655–2662. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.10452
Fazly, B., Ahmad, B., & Committee, H. D. (2019). Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Relapse Among Rehabilitated Adult Female Drug Users in Kabul , Afghanistan. September.
Fehrmann, S. E. (2019). Female Prison Experience. The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0165
Fitzpatrick, C. J., Geary, T., Creeden, J. F., & Morrow, J. D. (2019). Sign-tracking behavior is difficult to extinguish and resistant to multiple cognitive enhancers. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 163(January), 107045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107045
Foster, A. M., Armstrong, J., Buckley, A., Sherry, J., Young, T., Foliaki, S., James-Hohaia, T. M., Theadom, A., & McPherson, K. M. (2012). Encouraging family engagement in the rehabilitation process: A rehabilitation provider’s development of support strategies for family members of people with traumatic brain injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(22), 1855–1862. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.670028
Goncharenko, S., Weiss, N. H., Contractor, A. A., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., & Forkus, S. R. (2019). The role of gender in the associations among posttraumatic stress disorder symptom, severity, difficulties regulating emotions, and alcohol misuse. Addictive Behaviors, 99(August), 106086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106086
Greenfield, S. F., Brooks, A. J., Gordon, S. M., Green, C. A., Kropp, F., McHugh, R. K., Lincoln, M., Hien, D., & Miele, G. M. (2007). Substance abuse treatment entry, retention, and outcome in women: A review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.012
Grella, C. E., Scott, C. K., Foss, M. A., & Dennis, M. L. (2008). Gender similarities and differences in the treatment, relapse, and recovery cycle. Evaluation Review, 32(1), 113–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X07307318
Harrison, L., & Gfroerer, J. (1992). The intersection of drug use and criminal behavior?: result from the national household survey on drug abuse. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(2), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863870092005
Hashim, H., Zakiyy, N., Chiang, C. J.-T., & Rajamanikam, R. (2018). Program pemulihan di dalam penjara bagi pesalah jenayah?: kajian di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (prison rehabilitation programme for criminal offenders?: a study in Malaysian Prison Department ). JUUM (Special Issue), 72–85.
Herrera, V. M., & McCloskey, L. A. (2003). Sexual abuse, family violence, and female delinquency: Findings from a longitudinal study. Violence & Victims 18(3), 309:334.
Hussin, F., Ali, J., &, & Noor, M. S. Z. (2014). Kaedah penyelidikan & analisis data SPSS. Universiti Utara Malaysia Press.
Ibrahim, K. U. A. (2011). Isu dalam penahanan dan pemulihan banduan di malaysia 1. April, 143–168.
Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. (2020). Statistik banduan / tahanan / penghuni harian SMPP.
Kane, J. C., Johnson, R. M., Iwamoto, D. K., Jernigan, D. H., Harachi, T. W., & Bass, J. K. (2019). Pathways linking intergenerational cultural dissonance and alcohol use among Asian American youth: The role of family conflict, parental involvement, and peer behavior. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 18(4), 613–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2018.1428709
Keen, J. (2000). Keeping families of heroin addicts together: results of 13 months’ intake for community detoxification and rehabilitation at a family centre for drug users. Family Practice, 17(6), 484–489. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/17.6.484
Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2019). Contagion models for the transmission of drug abuse among propinquity-of-rearing defined acquaintances: A Swedish national study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 201(June), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.027
King, R. D. (1991). Maximum-security custody in Britain and the USA: A study of gartree and oak park heights. British Journal of Criminology, 31(2), 126–152.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048094
Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Whiteside, H. O. (2003). Family-Based Interventions for Substance Use and Misuse Prevention #. 38(801), 1759–1787. https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120024240
Lal, R., Deb, K. S., & Kedia, S. (2015). Substance use in women: Current status and future directions. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(July 2015), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.161491
Laws of Malaysia. (1995). Prison Act 1995 (Issue October). The commissioner of law revision, Malaysia.
Lerner, R. M., & Galambos, N. L. (1998). ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: Challenges and Opportunities for Research, Programs, and Policies. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.413
Lewis, A. J. (2020). Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Adolescent Substance Use?: A Move to the Level of Systems. 10(February), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00948
Malaysia Prison Department. (2012). Welcome to the Malaysian Prison Department Official Portal. http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/english
Malhotra, N., Hall, J., Shaw, M., & Oppenheim, P. (2007). Marketing research: An applied orientation. Pearson Education/Practice Hall.
Mallett, S., Rosenthal, D., & Keys, D. (2005). Young people, drug use and family conflict: Pathways into homelessness. Journal of Adolescence, 28(2 SPEC. ISSS.), 185–199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.02.002
Mann, K., Hintz, T., & Jung, M. (2004). Does psychiatric comorbidity in alcohol-dependent patients affect treatment outcome? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254(3), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-004-0465-6
Mendelsohn, M., & Sewell, K. W. (2004). Social attitudes toward traumatized men and women: A vignette study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 103–111.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022616.03662.2f
Mohamad, M., Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., & Mohammad, M. (2019). Comparison between CB-SEM and PLS-SEM: Testing and confirming the Maqasid Syariah quality of life measurement model. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.608.614
Mohamad, M., Karim, F., Ali, N., & Mohamed, H. (2017). A Conceptual Model of Perceived Social Support, Maqasid Shariah Quality of Life and Health Status. In Research Journal of Medical Sciences (Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 62–68).
Mohamad, M., Ali, M. N. A., & Muhammad, N. (2017). Measurement of Drug-abuse Inmates ’ Prison Climate?: Confirmatory Factor Analysis. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(25), 405–421.
Mohamad, M., Mohammad, M., Ali, M. N. A., & Awang, Z. (2018). The impact of life satisfaction on substance abuse: delinquency as a mediator. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1267021
Nor, M. S. N., Kamaluddin, M. R., & Sulaiman, W. S. (2019). Profil Jenayah Banduan Wanita di Malaysia: Satu Kajian Kualitatif (Criminal Profile of Female Prisoners in Malaysia: A Qualitative Study). Akademika, 89(2), 43–56. http://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/view/25032/9680
Moran, R., O’brien, M., Dillon, L., Farrell., & Mayock, P. (2001). Overview of drug issues in Ireland 2000: a resource document. http://hdl.handle.net/10147/338537Findthisandsimilarworksat-http://www.lenus.ie/hse
Morgan, R., & Morgan, N. (2018). 38 th Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators (APPCA).
National Anti-Drugs Agency. (2017). Maklumat dadah 2017. Kementerian Dalam Negeri, 7–12, 31. https://www.adk.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/Maklumat-Dadah-2017_final-compressed.pdf
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Drugfacts: Treatment approaches for drug addiction. NIDA. http://www.drugabuse.gov
Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2011). Stages of change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20758
Ornoy, A., Daka, L., Goldzweig, G., Gil, Y., Mjen, L., Levit, S., Shufman, E., Bar-Hamburger, R., & Greenbaum, C. W. (2010). Neurodevelopmental and psychological assessment of adolescents born to drug-addicted parents: Effects of SES and adoption. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(5), 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.012
Possick, C., & Itzick, M. (2018). Women’s Experience of Drug Abuse Treatment in a Mixed-Gender Therapeutic Community. Affilia - Journal of Women and Social Work, 33(4), 493–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109918766674
Putkonen, H., Komulainen, E. J., Virkkunen, M., M., E., & & Lonnqvist, J. (2003). Risk of repeat offending among violent female offenders with psychotic and personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 160(5), 947–951.
Ronzitti, S., Loree, A. M., Potenza, M. N., Decker, S. E., Wilson, S. M., Abel, E. A., Haskell, S. G., Brandt, C. A., & Goulet, J. L. (2019). Gender Differences in Suicide and Self-Directed Violence Risk Among Veterans With Post-traumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders. Women’s Health Issues, 29, S94–S102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.010
SAMHSA. (1999). Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP). HHS Publication.
Schulenberg, J. E., & Maggs, J. L. (2002). A developmental perspective on alcohol use and heavy drinking during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(SUPPL. 14), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.54
Shin, Y. J., Miller-Day, M., & Hecht, M. L. (2019). Differential Effects of Parental “drug talk” Styles and Family Communication Environments on Adolescent Substance Use. Health Communication, 34(8), 872–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1439268
Stevens, D. J. (1997). Prison Regime and Drugs. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(1), 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2311.00036
Takano, A., Miyamoto, Y., Shinozaki, T., Matsumoto, T., & Kawakami, N. (2020). Effect of a web-based relapse prevention program on abstinence among Japanese drug users: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 111, 37–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.12.001
Toner, P., & Velleman, R. (2014). Initial reliability and validity of a new measure of perceived social support for family members of problem substance users. Addiction Research and Theory, 22(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.779675
Velicer, W. F., Diclemente, C. C., Rossi, J. S., & Prochaska, J. O. (1990). Relapse situations and self-efficacy: An integrative model. Addictive Behaviors, 15(3), 271–283.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(90)90070-E
Vik, P. W., & Ross, T. (2003). Methamphetamine use among incarcerated women. Journal of Substance Use, 8(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1465989031000109806
Visher, C. A., Debus-Sherrill, S. A., & Yahner, J. (2011). Employment after prison: A longitudinal study of former prisoners. Justice Quarterly, 28(5), 698–718.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.535553
Walmsley, R. (2015). World female imprisonment list: Fourth edition, women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners. World Prison Brief, 1–13. http://www.prisonstudies.org/news/more-700000-women-and-girls-are-prison-around-world-new-report-shows
Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). The police and neighborhood safety. The Atlantic Monthly, March(March), 29–38. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/198203/broken-windows
Zimet, & Gregory. (2016). Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) - Scale Items and Scoring Information. December, 3–5.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Geiger, T. A., & Crick, N. R. (2005). Relational and physical aggression, prosocial behavior and peer relations: Gender moderation and bidirectional associations. Journal of Early Adolescence 25, 421–452.
Zimmermann, G., Pin, M. A., Krenz, S., Bouchat, A., Favrat, B., Besson, J., & Zullino, D. F. (2004). Prevalence of social phobia in a clinical sample of drug dependent patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 83(1), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2004.05.003

Book
Commissioner, T. H. E., & Law, O. F. (2009). Act 537 Prison Act 1995.
Hussin, F., Ali, J., &, & Noor, M. S. Z. (2014). Kaedah penyelidikan & analisis data SPSS. Universiti Utara Malaysia Press.
Malhotra, N., Hall, J., Shaw, M., & Oppenheim, P. (2006). Marketing research: An applied orientation. Pearson Education.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (1999). Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP). HHS Publication.
Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). The police and neighbourhood safety. The Atlantic Monthly, March (March), 29–38. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/198203/broken-windows

Online Official Websites
Malaysia Prison Department. (2012). Welcome to the Malaysian Prison Department Official Portal. http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/english
National Anti-Drugs Agency. (2017). Maklumat dadah, 2017. Kementerian Dalam Negeri, 7–12, 31. https://www.adk.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/Maklumat-Dadah-2017_final-compressed.pdf
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Drug facts: Treatment approaches for drug addiction. NIDA. http://www.drugabuse.gov

Encyclopedia Articles
Fehrmann, S. E. (2019). Female Prison Experience. The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0165

Technical and Research Reports (often with corporate authors)
Austin, J., Bloom, B., & Donahue, T. (1992). Female offenders in the community: An analysis of innovative strategies and programs.DC: National Institute of Corrections, 90.
Basir, N. (2002). Female Criminality: A Case Study of Women Inmates in Kajang Prison, Selangor, Malaysia. International Islamic University Malaysia., 1–24
Fazly, B., Ahmad, B., & Committee, H. D. (2019). Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Relapse Among Rehabilitated Adult Female Drug Users in Kabul, Afghanistan. September.
Hashim, H. (2018). Program Pemulihan di dalam Penjara bagi Pesalah Jenayah?: Kajian di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia ( Prison Rehabilitation Programme for Criminal Offenders?: A Study in Malaysian Prison Department ). 72–85.
Ibrahim, K. U. A. (2011). Isu dalam penahanan dan pemulihan banduan di malaysia 1. April, 143–168.
Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. (2020). Statistik Banduan/Tahanan/Penghuni Harian SMPP.
Moran, R., O’brien, M., Dillon, L., Farrell, & Mayock, P. (2001). Overview of drug issues in Ireland 2000: a resource document.
Morgan, N. (2018). 38th the Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators Melaka, Malaysia.
Walmsley, R. (2017). World female imprisonment list: Fourth edition, women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners. World Prison Brief, 1–13. http://www.prisonstudies.org/news/world-female-imprisonment-list-fourth-edition
In-Text Citation: (Baharudin et al., 2020)
To Cite this Article: Baharudin, M. N., Mohamad, M., & Karim, F. (2020). Managing, Profiling and Family Support of Malaysian Women Drug Abuse Inmates. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social ScienceS, 10(5), 900–915.