This study investigates the adaptation challenges of mainland Chinese students in Penang, focusing on socio-cultural adaptation, academic challenges, and daily life adjustment. While cultural similarity reduces culture shock and facilitates integration into the local Chinese community, it may also hinder deeper engagement with Malaysia’s multicultural society. Interview findings from 16 Chinese postgraduate students indicate that reliance on the Chinese community limits intercultural interactions, weakens language development, and narrows social networks. Academically, English proficiency gaps, differences in teaching methods, and assessment standards create challenges, requiring additional effort for adaptation. In daily life, students experience dietary differences, climate discomfort, and difficulties navigating the healthcare system, despite the familiarity provided by the Chinese community. Although cultural similarity offers convenience, over-reliance on it may restrict long-term adaptation. The study highlights the need for students to actively expand social networks, enhance intercultural communication, and engage more deeply with Malaysia’s diverse environment.
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