HIV related stigmatizing attitudes constitute one of the greatest stumbling blocks to the fight against the HIV epidemic the world over. The study examined the different levels of stigmatizing attitudes expressed by religious adherents of Orthodox, Pentecostal/Charismatic, African Independent Churches, Islam and African Traditional Religion in urban sprawling and industrial communities of Ghana. The study used structured questionnaire administered during forenoon services and snowball techniques to gather the information. An in-depth interview technique was also used to gather information from key informants on the topic.
The outcome of the research indicated that generally expressions of HIV related stigmatizing attitudes were high in the two study areas. While expressions of HIV related shame stigmatizing and judgmental attitudes tended to be higher in Ashaiman Municipality, Urban Sprawling community, expressions of fear of casual contact were the case in the Tema Municipality, an industrial community. In addressing this problem there is the need to educate religious adherents about the epidemic and to express love and compassion towards persons living with HIV/AIDS.
AIDS Action (2000): International Newsletter on HIV.AIDS, Prevention and Care. Asia and Pacific Edition, Issue 47, April-June 2000
Alonzo, A.A, and Reynolds, N. R., (1995): Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. Social Science and Medicine 41(3): 303-315.
Antwi, P.M. and Oppong, Y.P.A. (2006): Ghana’s Attempts at Managing the HIV/AIDS epidemic: A review of efforts, in Oppong, C., Oppong, M. Y. P.A., Odotei, I. K. (eds.). Sex and Gender in an Era of AIDS, Ghana at the turn of the Millennium, Sub Saharan Publishers
Ashaiman Municipal Assembly (2008): Municipal Brochure, First Edition
Awusabo-Asare K, Marfo C. Attitudes to and management of HIV/AIDS among health workers in Ghana: the case of Cape Coast municipality. Health Transition Review, 1997;7 Suppl:271-280.
Campbell, C., Nair, Y., Maiman, S., Nicholson, J. (2007): ‘Dying twice: A multi-level model of the roots of AIDS stigma in two South African Communities’ Journal of Health Psychology. Vol. 12, No.3 pp. 403-416\
Charnley, S. (2007): Speaking up: Muslim views on HIV and AIDS, an In-depth study from the Asian Muslim Action Network, 2007. http://www.arfasia.org/aman_hiv_act_pub.ph
Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance (2006): Scaling up Effective Partnerships: A guide to working with faith-based organizations in the response to HIV and AIDS. Seacourt Limited (Oxford, UK)
Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Health Service (GHS), and IFC Macro (2009): Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Final Report. Accra, Ghana: GSS, GHS and ICF Macro,
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), ORC Macro (2004): Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Calverton, Maryland: GSS, NMIMR and ORC.
Ghana Social Marketing Foundation International (not dated): 101 Questions and Answers on HIV/AIDS and STDS. Produced by GSMF with support from USAID
www.gsmf.com.gh
Goffman, E. (1963): Notes on the Management of a spoiled identity. New York: Simon and Schuster
Herek, G.M. and Mitnich, L. (1996): AIDS and stigma: A conceptual framework and a research agenda. Final report from a research workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) (2006): The nature and extent of HIV and AIDS-related stigma in the Anglican Church of the Province of Southern Africa: A Quantitative Study. Report prepared by Human Sciences Research Council and Outsourced Insight for the Anglican Provincial AIDS Office. DFID and Christian Aid
Josephine, S., Agapit, A.Y., Komla, T. (2001): Churches and the HIV/AIDS Pandemic: Analysis of the situation in 10 West /Central African Countries. World Council of Churches/World Alliance of YMCA
Klonoff, E.A., Landrine H.(1994): Cultural and gender diversity in common sense beliefs about the causes of six illness. Journal Behaviour Med. 1994: August 17(4) 407-18
Maughan Brown B.G. (2006): Attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS: Stigma and its determinants amongst young adults in Cape Town, South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, vol. 37, Issue 2, 2006
Mill J. (2003): Shrouded in Secrecy: Breaking the News of HIV Infection to Ghanaian Women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2003:14:6-16.
Mwinituo P.P., Mill J.E. (2006): Stigma Associated With Ghanaian Caregivers of AIDS Patients. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2006;28:369-382.
Nachego, J.B., Knowlton, A.R., Deluca, A., Schoeman, J.H., Watkinson, L., Efron, A., Chaisson, R. E., Marartens, G.(2006): Treatment Supporter to Improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected South African adult, A qualitative study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 2006, Dec. 1: 43 Suppl. 1: S127-33
National AIDS/STI Control Programme, Ghana Health Service (2009): 2008 HIV Sentinel Survey Report. NACP Bulletin, Vol. 6, Number 2, June 2009
Netemeyer, R.G., Bearden and Sharma, S., (2003): Scaling Procedures Issues and Applications. Thousand Oaks California, SAGE Publications Inc.
Nyblade, L., MacQuarrie, K., Phillip, F., Kwesigabo, G., Mbawambo, J., Ndega, J., Katende, C., Yuan, E., Brown, L. & Stangle, A. (2005): Working report measuring HIV stigma: Results of a field test in Tanzania. Synergy Project
Ogden, J. and Nyblade, L. (2005): Common at its Core: HIV-related stigma. Washington D. C. International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW)
Presbyterian Church of Ghana (2002): Pastoral Policy on HIV/AIDS. Fiona Press Limited, Accra.
Rankin S.H., Lindgren T, Rankin W., Ng’oma J. (2005): Donkey work: Women, religion and HIV/AIDS in Malawi, Health Care for Women International 2005:26:4-16
Ravesloot, B. (2004): Religious Change in a world affected by HIV/AIDS. The International Council on Social Welfare (ICW) 2004, 3rd International Conference, http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2004_mac/s.Progress
Solomon, S. (1996): Religious beliefs and HI/AIDS/STD health promotion (editorial) Popline Document No. 117175, AIDS/STD Health Promotion Exchange 1996(2): 1-3 http://www.popline.org/docs/117175
Tema Municipal Assembly (2004): District Human Development Report. Prepared with support from National Development Planning Commission and UNDP
Tema Metropolitan Assembly (not dated): Metropolitan Profile. Unpublished
Ulasi, C.I., Preko, P.,O., Baidoo, J. A., Bayard, B., Ehiri, J.E., Jolly, C.M., Jolly, P.E. (2009): HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana. Health and Place 15 (2009): 255-2
UNAIDS (2010): UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010
Http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report.html Accessed on 15/06/2012
USAID/GHANA PEPFAR (2011): HIV stigma and Discrimination Activity Assessment. Prepared by Carolyn Barnes, Mohammed Sy-Ar, Fred Nana Poku and Jacob Larbi through the Global Health Technical Assistance Project
http://resources.ghtechproject.net. Accessed on 20/6/2012
Visser, M. J., J. D., Makin, K., Lehobye, K, (2006): Stigmatizing attitudes of the community towards people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 16: 42-58.
Zou, J., Yamanaka, Y., John, M., Watt, M., Ostermann, J., Thielman, N. (2009): Religion and HIV in Tanzania: Influence of religious beliefs on HIV beliefs on HIV stigma, disclosure and treatment attitudes. B.M.C. Public Health Volume 9, http://www.biomedcentral.com.1471-2458/9/75 Date accessed: 08/06/2009
Copyright: © 2013 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode