The issue of low work engagement among academic staff in public sector Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Pakistan has been a major concern for the higher education sector. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors contributing to low work engagement among academic staff in the public sector HEIs. This study aims to examine the relationships between sustainable leadership, gratitude, forgiveness climate, and work engagement among the academic staff of public sector HEIs. Additionally, the study will explore how prosocial motivation mediates these relationships. The proposed conceptual framework draws on relevant literature and key theories in the field of organizational attitudes and behavior to analyze these relationships. The study will utilize a quantitative method to test the proposed framework, and data analysis will be conducted using SmartPLS. The findings of this study are expected to have significant implications for educational leaders and stakeholders in public-sector HEIs, who can use these results to develop organizational policies and programs that promote sustainable leadership, gratitude, forgiveness climate, and prosocial motivation, all of which are crucial in cultivating work engagement.
Abid, G., & Contreras, F. (2022). Mapping Thriving at Work as a Growing Concept: Review and Directions for Future Studies. Information, 13(8), 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13080383
Abid, G., Contreras, F., Rank, S., & Ilyas, S. (2023). Sustainable leadership and wellbeing of healthcare personnel: A sequential mediation model of procedural knowledge and compassion. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(January), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1039456
Aboramadan, M. (2022). The effect of green HRM on employee green behaviors in higher education: the mediating mechanism of green work engagement. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2020-2190
Agbaglo, E. (2022). “My heartfelt gratitude goes to …”: The construal of gratitude in master’s dissertation acknowledgements. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2022.161
Algoe, S. B., Dwyer, P. C., Younge, A., & Oveis, C. (2020). A new perspective on the social functions of emotions: Gratitude and the witnessing effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(1), 40–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000202
Aquino, K., Grover, S. L., Goldman, B., & Folger, R. (2003). When Push doesn’t Come to Shove. Journal of Management Inquiry, 12(3), 209–216.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492603256337
Armani, A. B., Petrini, M., & Santos, A. C. (2020). What are the attributes of sustainable leadership? Revista Brasileira de Gestao de Negocios, 22(4), 820–835.
https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i4.4086
Arshad, M., Qasim, N., Farooq, O., & Rice, J. (2022). Empowering leadership and employees’ work engagement: a social identity theory perspective. Management Decision, 60(5), 1218–1236. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2020-1485
Asrar-ul-Haq, M., Ali, H. Y., Anwar, S., Iqbal, A., Iqbal, M. B., Suleman, N., Sadiq, I., & Haris-ul-Mahasbi, M. (2019). Impact of organizational politics on employee work outcomes in higher education institutions of Pakistan: Moderating role of social capital. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(2), 185–200.
Bakker, A. B. (2015). A Job Demands–Resources Approach to Public Service Motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 723–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12388
Bakker, A. B. (2022). The social psychology of work engagement: state of the field. Career Development International, 27(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-08-2021-0213
Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands?Resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Besley, T., & Ghatak, M. (2018). Prosocial Motivation and Incentives. Annual Review of Economics, 10, 411–438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103739
Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
Bock, D. E., Folse, J. A. G., & Black, W. C. (2016). Gratitude in service encounters: implications for building loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(3), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-06-2015-0223
Bolino, M. C., & Grant, A. M. (2016). The Bright Side of Being Prosocial at Work, and the Dark Side, Too: A Review and Agenda for Research on Other-Oriented Motives, Behavior, and Impact in Organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 599–670. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1153260
Brekke, T. (2021). What Do We Know about the University Contribution to Regional Economic Development? A Conceptual Framework. International Regional Science Review, 44(2), 229–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620909538
Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring Individual Differences in the Tendency to Forgive: Construct Validity and Links with Depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006008
Bui, H. T. M., Zeng, Y., & Higgs, M. (2017). The role of person-job fit in the relationship between transformational leadership and job engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(5), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-05-2016-0144
Canboy, B., Tillou, C., Barzantny, C., Güçlü, B., & Benichoux, F. (2023). The impact of perceived organizational support on work meaningfulness, engagement, and perceived stress in France. European Management Journal, 41(1), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.12.004
Cao, W., van der Wal, R. C., & Taris, T. W. (2021). The Benefits of Forgiveness at Work: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Time-Lagged Relations Between Forgiveness and Work Outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710984
Carasco-Saul, M., Kim, W., & Kim, T. (2015). Leadership and Employee Engagement. Human Resource Development Review, 14(1), 38–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484314560406
Carey, J. R., Clicque, S. H., Leighton, B. A., & Milton, F. (1976). A Test of Positive Reinforcement of Customers. Journal of Marketing, 40(4), 98–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297604000413
Chen, Y., He, X., Lu, L., & Gao, X. (2022). In a team forgiveness climate, the influence of paradoxical thinking of leaders on the team voice behavior: Mediated by team cooperation. PLoS ONE, 17(3 March), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265018
Chew, E., & Dovey, K. A. (2014). Learning to create sustainable value in turbulent operational contexts: the role of leadership practices. Learning Organization, 21(4), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-05-2013-0019
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of Its Relations with Task and Contextual Performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Çögenli, M. (2021). Sustainable Leadership (pp. 73–87).
Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000). Charismatic leadership and follower effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(7), 747–767. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200011)21:7<747::AID-JOB46>3.0.CO;2-J
Cortini, M., Converso, D., Galanti, T., Di Fiore, T., Di Domenico, A., & Fantinelli, S. (2019). Gratitude at Work Works! A Mix-Method Study on Different Dimensions of Gratitude, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance. Sustainability, 11(14), 3902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143902
Cox, S. S. (2008). A forgiving workplace: An investigation of forgiveness climate, individual differences and workplace outcomes. Louisiana Tech University.
Cox, S. S. (2011). A FORGIVING WORKPLACE: AN INVESTIGATION OF FORGIVENESS CLIMATE AND WORKPLACE OUTCOMES.
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019364
Davies, B. (2007). Sustainable leadership. Developing Sustainable Leadership, 11–25.
Davis, D. E., Choe, E., Meyers, J., Wade, N., Varjas, K., Gifford, A., Quinn, A., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., Griffin, B. J., & Worthington, E. L. (2016). Thankful for the little things: A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000107
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1–9.
Deutsch, M. (1973). The Resolution of Conflict. American Behavioral Scientist, 17(2), 248–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276427301700206
Dickens, L. R. (2017). Using Gratitude to Promote Positive Change: A Series of Meta-Analyses Investigating the Effectiveness of Gratitude Interventions. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 39(4), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2017.1323638
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Eluwole, K. K., Ukeje, U. E., Saydam, M. B., Ozturen, A., & Lasisi, T. T. (2022). Behavioural response to abusive supervision among hotel employees: The intervening roles of forgiveness climate and helping behaviour. International Social Science Journal, 72(245), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12365
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2004). The psychology of gratitude. Oxford University Press.
Emmons, R. A., McCullough, M. E., & Tsang, J.-A. (2003). The assessment of gratitude. In Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. (pp. 327–341). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-021
Enright, R. D., Gassin, E. A., & Wu, C. (1992). Forgiveness: a developmental view. Journal of Moral Education, 21(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724920210202
Eva, N., Newman, A., Zhou, A. J., & Zhou, S. S. (2020). The relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ internal and external community citizenship behaviors: The mediating role of prosocial motivation. Personnel Review, 49(2), 636–652. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2019-0019
Fehr, R., Fulmer, A., Awtrey, E., & Miller, J. A. (2017). The Grateful Workplace: A Multilevel Model of Gratitude in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0374
Fehr, R., & Gelfand, M. J. (2012). The Forgiving Organization: A Multilevel Model of Forgiveness at Work. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 664–688. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0497
García-Vázquez, F. I., Valdés-Cuervo, A. A., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Parra-Pérez, L. G. (2020). Forgiveness, Gratitude, Happiness, and Prosocial Bystander Behavior in Bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(January), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02827
Gassin, E. A. (2013). A psychological functionalist perspective on a forgiveness ritual 1. In Understanding Religious Ritual (pp. 93–114). Routledge.
Gilal, F. G., Ashraf, Z., Gilal, N. G., Gilal, R. G., & Channa, N. A. (2019). Promoting environmental performance through green human resource management practices in higher education institutions: A moderated mediation model. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1579–1590. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1835
Grant, A. M. (2007). Relational Job Design and the Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24351328
Grant, A. M. (2008). Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48
Grant, A. M., & Berg, J. M. (2011). Prosocial Motivation at Work. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0003
Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A Little Thanks Goes a Long Way: Explaining Why Gratitude Expressions Motivate Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017935
Grant, A. M., & Sumanth, J. J. (2009). Mission Possible? The Performance of Prosocially Motivated Employees Depends on Manager Trustworthiness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 927–944. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014391
Greenbaum, R., Bonner, J., Gray, T., & Mawritz, M. (2020). Moral emotions: A review and research agenda for management scholarship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(2), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2367
Guchait, P., Lanza-Abbott, J., Madera, J. M., & Dawson, M. (2016). Should Organizations Be Forgiving or Unforgiving? A Two-Study Replication of How Forgiveness Climate in Hospitality Organizations Drives Employee Attitudes and Behaviors. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 57(4), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965516633308
Guchait, P., Pa?amehmeto?lu, A., & Dawson, M. (2014). Perceived supervisor and co-worker support for error management: Impact on perceived psychological safety and service recovery performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 41, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.04.009
Guchait, P., Pa?amehmeto?lu, A., & Madera, J. (2016). Error management culture: impact on cohesion, stress, and turnover intentions. The Service Industries Journal, 36(3–4), 124–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2016.1158253
Gutterman, A. (2023). Sustainable Leadership.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, 8(1), 102–117.
He, G., Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Guo, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Linking paternalistic leadership to work engagement among Chinese expatriates: a job demand-resource perspective. International Journal of Manpower. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2020-0322
Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 632–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
Hoodbhoy, P. (2022, August 13). Pakistan’s universities at 75. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1704620/pakistans-universities-at-75
Imran, M. Y., Elahi, N. S., Abid, G., Ashfaq, F., & Ilyas, S. (2020). Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on Work Engagement: Mediating Mechanism of Thriving and Flourishing. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030082
Iqbal, Q., & Ahmad, N. H. (2021). Sustainable development: The colors of sustainable leadership in learning organization. Sustainable Development, 29(1), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2135
Iyer, R. D. (2016). A study of work engagement among teachers in India. Global Business and Management Research, 8(1), 34.
Javed, A., Iqbal, J., Iqbal, S. M. J., & Imran, M. (2021). Sustainable leadership and employee innovative behavior: Discussing the mediating role of creative self?efficacy. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2547
Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Holland, R. W. (2005). Forgiveness and its associations with prosocial thinking, feeling, and doing beyond the relationship with the offender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205274892
Khan, M. S., Elahi, N. S., & Abid, G. (2021). Workplace incivility and job satisfaction: Mediation of subjective well-being and moderation of forgiveness climate in health care sector. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(4), 1107–1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040082
Kim, B. J., Kim, T. H., & Jung, S. Y. (2018). How to enhance sustainability through transformational leadership: The important role of employees’ forgiveness. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(8), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082682
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2017). Building work engagement: A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(6), 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2167
Knotts, K. G., & Houghton, J. D. (2021). You can’t make me! The role of self-leadership in enhancing organizational commitment and work engagement. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2020-0436
Komase, Y., Watanabe, K., Imamura, K., & Kawakami, N. (2019). Effects of a Newly Developed Gratitude Intervention Program on Work Engagement among Japanese Workers: A Pre-and Posttest Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(9), E378–E383. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001661
Komase, Y., Watanabe, K., Sasaki, N., & Kawakami, N. (2021). The Effect of Perceived Gratitude From Others on Work Engagement: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(9), E592–E595. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002294
Korchakova, N., & Bezliudna, V. (2022). FORGIVENESS AS A PROSOCIAL PHENOMENON. ??????????: ?????????? ? ???????????, 18, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.35619/praprv.v1i18.293
Li, C., & Bao, Y. (2020). Ethical leadership and positive work behaviors: a conditional process model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 35(3), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2018-0475
Locklear, L. R., Sheridan, S., & Kong, D. T. (2023). Appreciating social science research on gratitude: An integrative review for organizational scholarship on gratitude in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 225–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2624
Luo, H., Liu, Q., Yu, C., & Nie, Y. (2021). Parental warmth, gratitude, and prosocial behavior among chinese adolescents: The moderating effect of school climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137033
Malik, P., & Garg, P. (2020). Learning organization and work engagement: the mediating role of employee resilience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(8), 1071–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1396549
McAdams, D. P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1003–1015. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003
McCann, J. T., & Holt, R. A. (2010). Defining sustainable leadership. International Journal of Sustainable Strategic Management, 2(2), 204. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijssm.2010.032561
McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00147
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
McMullen, J. S., & Bergman, B. J. (2017). Social Entrepreneurship and the Development Paradox of Prosocial Motivation: A Cautionary Tale. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 11(3), 243–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1263
Meglino, B. M., & Korsgaard, A. (2004). Considering Rational Self-Interest as a Disposition: Organizational Implications of Other Orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 946–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.946
Meijman, T., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. Handbook of work and organizational psychology . Drenth, P. Thierry H, de Wolff C, eds. Psychology Press, Hove.
Mróz, J., & Kaleta, K. (2019). The Moderating Role of Forgiveness in the Relationship between Work Engagement and Job Satisfaction. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sk?odowska, Sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia, 32(4), 179. https://doi.org/10.17951/j.2019.32.4.179-195
Nicu??, E. G., Diaconu-Gherasim, L. R., & Constantin, T. (2023). How trait gratitude relates to teachers’ burnout and work engagement: job demands and resources as mediators. Current Psychology, 42(34), 30338–30347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04086-8
Nishi, D., Matsuoka, Y., & Kim, Y. (2010). Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience of motor vehicle accident survivors. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-4-7
Nourpanah, S. (2021). The Construction of Gratitude in the workplace: Temporary foreign workers employed in health care. International Migration, 59(2), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12769
Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Tamkins, M. M. (2003). Organizational culture and climate. Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 12. John Wiley, New York, NY.
Peng, J.-C., & Chen, S.-W. (2021). Servant Leadership and Service Performance: A Multilevel Mediation Model. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1738–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120950302
Pham, H., & Kim, S.-Y. (2019). The effects of sustainable practices and managers’ leadership competences on sustainability performance of construction firms. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 20, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.05.003
Rahman, M. H. A., & Karim, D. N. (2022). Organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating role of work engagement. Heliyon, 8(5), e09450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09450
Rey, D. (2009). The relationship of gratitude and subjective well-being to self-efficacy and control of learning beliefs among college students. University of Southern California.
Rind, B., & Bordia, P. (1995). Effect of Server’s “Thank You” and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(9), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01772.x
Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness, 6(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2018-0034
Salvador, R. (2019). Perceived forgiveness climate and punishment of ethical misconduct. Management Decision, 58(5), 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2018-0650
Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Gratitude and well being: the benefits of appreciation. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.?: Township)), 7(11), 18–22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21191529
Schaufeli, W. B. (2017). Applying the Job Demands-Resources model. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi?sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. Work, 10–24. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2010-06187-002
Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and Engagement in University Students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003
Schmiedehaus, E., Cordaro, M., Perrotte, J., Stern, M., Dailey, S., & Howard, K. (2023). The great resignation in higher education: An occupational health approach to understanding intentions-to-quit for faculty in higher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 123, 103992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103992
Shin, Y., & Hur, W. M. (2021). When do job-insecure employees keep performing well? The buffering roles of help and prosocial motivation in the relationship between job insecurity, work engagement, and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(4), 659–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09694-4
Shiraki, Y., & Igarashi, T. (2018). “Paying it forward” via satisfying a basic human need: The need for relatedness satisfaction mediates gratitude and prosocial behavior. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 21(1–2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12211
Shuck, B., Reio, T. G., & Rocco, T. S. (2011). Employee engagement: an examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Human Resource Development International, 14(4), 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2011.601587
Šimanskien?, L., & Župerkien?, E. (2014). Sustainable leadership: The new challenge for organizations. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 2(1), 81–93.
Simbula, S., Mazzetti, G., & Guglielmi, D. (2011). Work-family conflict, burnout and work engagement among teachers: The moderating effect of job and personal resources. Avances En Psicologia Latinoamericana, 29(2), 302–316.
Teng, Z., Nie, Q., Liu, Y., & Guo, C. (2018). Is prosocial video game exposure related to prosociality? An ERP study based on a prosocial help needed decision task. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.014
Tilbury, D. (2011). Higher Education ’ s Commitment to Sustainability?: From Understanding to Action PART 1?: THE CONTEXT Higher Education for Sustainability?: A Global Overview of Commitment and. 1–21.
van Baaren, R. B., Holland, R. W., Kawakami, K., & van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Mimicry and Prosocial Behavior. Psychological Science, 15(1), 71–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01501012.x
Vural Batik, M., Yilmaz Bingol, T., Firinci Kodaz, A., & Hosoglu, R. (2017). Forgiveness and Subjective Happiness of University Students. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(6), 149. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n6p149
Wandell, J. (2016). A PROPOSED PILOT STUDY OF A GRATITUDE PRACTICE PROGRAM TO INCREASE GRATITUDE AMONG EDUCATORS: THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF GRATITUDE PRACTICE TO INCREASE WORK ENGAGEMENT AND BUFFER AGAINST AND DECREASE BURNOUT. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 7(2), 275. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs72201615722
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Azari Noughabi, M. (2022). The interplay of EFL teachers’ immunity, work engagement, and psychological well-being: Evidence from four Asian countries. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–17.
Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Su, D., Li, S., Zhang, T., & Li, H. (2019). The mediating role of inclusive leadership: Work engagement and innovative behaviour among Chinese head nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(4), 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12754
Wangwan, J. (2014). A Model of Relationship between Gratitude and Prosocial Motivation of Thai High School and Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 9(1), 15–30.
Waters, L., & Stokes, H. (2015). Positive Education for School Leaders: Exploring the Effects of Emotion-Gratitude and Action-Gratitude. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 32(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/edp.2015.1
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548
Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016984
Wirawan, H., Jufri, M., & Saman, A. (2020). The effect of authentic leadership and psychological capital on work engagement: the mediating role of job satisfaction. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 41(8), 1139–1154. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2019-0433
Wiroko, E. P., & Sugiharti, D. (2022). Gratitude and work engagement: The mediating role of employee resilience. INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.32505/inspira.v3i2.4848
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.281
Worthington, E. L., Greer, C. L., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., Norton, L., Van Tongeren, D. R., Greer, T. W., & Toussaint, L. (2010). Forgiveness and spirituality in organizational life: theory, status of research, and new ideas for discovery. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 7(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766081003765273
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003
Xu, J. (2023). The interplay between Chinese EFL teachers’ positive psychological capital and their work engagement. Heliyon, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13151
Ye?ilta?, M., Gürlek, M., Tuna, M., Kanten, P., & Çeken, H. (2022). Paternalistic Leadership and Organizational Identification: The Mediating Role of Forgiveness Climate. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 23(3), 546–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2020.1805089
Yu, C., Ye, B., & Ma, S. (2021). Creating for others: linking prosocial motivation and social entrepreneurship intentions. Management Decision, 59(11), 2755–2773. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2019-0815
Zahari, N., & Kaliannan, M. (2023). Antecedents of Work Engagement in the Public Sector: A Systematic Literature Review. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 43(3), 557–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X221106792
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Jia, M. (2021). Does a sense of calling facilitate sustainability? Research on the influence of calling on employee green behavior. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(7), 3145–3159. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2795
Zhu, Y., & Akhtar, S. (2014). How transformational leadership influences follower helping behavior: The role of trust and prosocial motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1884.
Babar, F., Som, H. M., & Jantan, A. H. (2024). Sustainable Leadership, Gratitude, Forgiveness Climate and Prosocial Motivation of Academicians’ Work Engagement in Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(11), 1880–1901.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by Knowledge Words Publications (www.kwpublications.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode